{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392096206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ida-227410","title":"Three-stage multi-modal multi-objective differential evolution algorithm for vehicle routing problem with time windows","display_name":"Three-stage multi-modal multi-objective differential evolution algorithm for vehicle routing problem with time windows","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392096206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ida-227410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ida-227410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ida-227410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498839158","display_name":"Intelligent Data Analysis","issn_l":"1088-467X","issn":["1088-467X","1571-4128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Data Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100320366","display_name":"Haifei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5142-5824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai-Fei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112337054","display_name":"Hongwei Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Wei Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091249234","display_name":"Ting Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-903X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Jiangnan University), Ministry of Education, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053094672","display_name":"Shuzhi Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6892-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184681353","display_name":"Anhui University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q9atg80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ShuZhi Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184681353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026804587","display_name":"Yubing Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2133-4910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YuBing Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112337054"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.549,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82051643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"485","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.8407261371612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.6626559495925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.5706501007080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5287166237831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5112295150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40600520372390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3913957178592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3477133810520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2379814088344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22360381484031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.21064847707748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09523940086364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.06327608227729797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.8407261371612549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.6626559495925903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.5706501007080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5287166237831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5112295150756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40600520372390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3913957178592682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3477133810520172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2379814088344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22360381484031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.21064847707748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09523940086364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.06327608227729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/ida-227410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ida-227410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2498839158","display_name":"Intelligent Data Analysis","issn_l":"1088-467X","issn":["1088-467X","1571-4128"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Intelligent Data Analysis","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1894314511","https://openalex.org/W1974791820","https://openalex.org/W2020320008","https://openalex.org/W2038507294","https://openalex.org/W2057443096","https://openalex.org/W2063277077","https://openalex.org/W2092673054","https://openalex.org/W2096305430","https://openalex.org/W2098907614","https://openalex.org/W2117250519","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2143381319","https://openalex.org/W2158320871","https://openalex.org/W2460998784","https://openalex.org/W2558610617","https://openalex.org/W2758008099","https://openalex.org/W2808442772","https://openalex.org/W2899276225","https://openalex.org/W2899519149","https://openalex.org/W2933307200","https://openalex.org/W2947137854","https://openalex.org/W2967552623","https://openalex.org/W2967646896","https://openalex.org/W2977202358","https://openalex.org/W3005272590","https://openalex.org/W3006380536","https://openalex.org/W3019959235","https://openalex.org/W3099174910","https://openalex.org/W3126379229","https://openalex.org/W3126950353","https://openalex.org/W3127508072","https://openalex.org/W3135343775","https://openalex.org/W3135798356","https://openalex.org/W3137253880","https://openalex.org/W3155491549","https://openalex.org/W4205846614","https://openalex.org/W4214883492","https://openalex.org/W4223903251","https://openalex.org/W4295916132","https://openalex.org/W4309081366","https://openalex.org/W4312159340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312143452","https://openalex.org/W2018691209","https://openalex.org/W4247364272","https://openalex.org/W3133151256","https://openalex.org/W2132920749","https://openalex.org/W2101108574","https://openalex.org/W2157331354","https://openalex.org/W2626773395","https://openalex.org/W3131953714","https://openalex.org/W1575940985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,32,60,93],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,18,33,40,61,75,78,82,87,90,94,106,111,118,121,125,131,134,139,142,148,158,172,179,182,188,193,200,205,223],"mathematical":[4],"model":[5],"of":[6,42,67,89,120,127,133,141,146,150,160,175,181,192,207],"Vehicle":[7],"Routing":[8],"Problem":[9],"with":[10,77],"Time":[11],"Windows":[12],"(VRPTW)":[13],"is":[14,30,53,71,102,152,185],"established":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17,138,187],"directed":[19],"graph,":[20],"and":[21,163,210,229],"a":[22,47,57,64],"3-stage":[23],"multi-modal":[24],"multi-objective":[25],"differential":[26],"evolution":[27],"algorithm":[28],"(3S-MMDEA)":[29],"proposed.":[31],"first":[34],"stage,":[35,63,96],"in":[36,233],"order":[37],"to":[38,44,55,85,104,129,156,170,222],"expand":[39],"range":[41,119],"individuals":[43,128,151],"be":[45],"selected,":[46],"generalized":[48],"opposition-based":[49],"learning":[50],"(GOBL)":[51],"strategy":[52,66,101],"used":[54],"generate":[56],"reverse":[58],"population.":[59],"second":[62],"search":[65],"reachable":[68],"distribution":[69,209],"area":[70],"proposed,":[72],"which":[73],"divides":[74],"population":[76],"selected":[79],"individual":[80,99,112],"as":[81,155],"center":[83],"point":[84],"improve":[86,157,204],"convergence":[88],"solution":[91,135,161,227],"set.":[92,136],"third":[95],"an":[97],"improved":[98],"variation":[100,114],"proposed":[103,183,201],"legalize":[105],"mutant":[107],"individuals,":[108],"so":[109,154],"that":[110,199],"after":[113],"still":[115],"falls":[116],"within":[117],"population,":[122],"further":[123],"improving":[124],"diversity":[126,132,149,159],"ensure":[130],"Based":[137],"synergy":[140],"above":[143],"three":[144],"stages":[145],"strategies,":[147],"ensured,":[153],"sets,":[162],"multiple":[164,212],"equivalent":[165,213],"optimal":[166,214],"paths":[167],"are":[168],"obtained":[169],"meet":[171],"planning":[173],"needs":[174],"different":[176],"decision-makers.":[177],"Finally,":[178],"performance":[180],"method":[184,217],"evaluated":[186],"standard":[189],"benchmark":[190],"datasets":[191],"problem.":[194],"The":[195,216],"experimental":[196],"results":[197],"show":[198],"3S-MMDEA":[202],"can":[203],"efficiency":[206],"logistics":[208],"obtain":[211],"paths.":[215],"achieves":[218],"good":[219],"performance,":[220],"superior":[221],"most":[224],"advanced":[225],"VRPTW":[226],"methods,":[228],"has":[230],"great":[231],"potential":[232],"practical":[234],"projects.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}