{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3121173017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-220197","title":"Deep learning for general game playing with Ludii and Polygames","display_name":"Deep learning for general game playing with Ludii and Polygames","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3121173017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-220197","mag":"3121173017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/icg-220197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-220197","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/icga-journal/icg220197?id=icga-journal%2Ficg220197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30686695","display_name":"ICGA Journal","issn_l":"1389-6911","issn":["1389-6911","2468-2438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321919","host_organization_name":"International Computer Games Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Computer Games Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/icga-journal/icg220197?id=icga-journal%2Ficg220197","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049574317","display_name":"Dennis J. N. J. Soemers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-8957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dennis J.N.J. Soemers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands","Meta AI Research, France","Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Meta AI Research, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Meta AI Research, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038267312","display_name":"Vegard Mella","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vegard Mella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065924402","display_name":"Cameron Browne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-3255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cameron Browne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, Maastricht University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034012952","display_name":"Olivier Teytaud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5570-5209"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Teytaud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta AI Research, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta AI Research, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049574317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83612385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"3","first_page":"146","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-tree-search","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","score":0.8124179840087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7885866761207581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7868679761886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-game-theory","display_name":"Combinatorial game theory","score":0.6745542287826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-tree","display_name":"Game tree","score":0.6472128629684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-game","display_name":"Sequential game","score":0.6092553734779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5609649419784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5530011057853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-mechanics","display_name":"Game mechanics","score":0.5357711911201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.534035861492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design","display_name":"Game design","score":0.5332101583480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-programming","display_name":"Game programming","score":0.4954437017440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.48712801933288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game-design","display_name":"Video game design","score":0.48544007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-developer","display_name":"Game Developer","score":0.4431619346141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42581671476364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.372843861579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.16408994793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-design-document","display_name":"Game design document","score":0.15627381205558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07285618782043457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46149586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11785332","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","level":3,"score":0.8124179840087891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7885866761207581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7868679761886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102234262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320931","display_name":"Combinatorial game theory","level":4,"score":0.6745542287826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95815963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377033","display_name":"Game tree","level":4,"score":0.6472128629684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73795354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287618","display_name":"Sequential game","level":3,"score":0.6092553734779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5609649419784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5530011057853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170828538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751513","display_name":"Game mechanics","level":2,"score":0.5357711911201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.534035861492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.5332101583480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109347269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753830","display_name":"Game programming","level":5,"score":0.4954437017440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.48712801933288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47187476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12336660","display_name":"Video game design","level":3,"score":0.48544007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41826821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844005","display_name":"Game Developer","level":3,"score":0.4431619346141815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42581671476364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.372843861579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.16408994793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6907630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3010535","display_name":"Game design document","level":4,"score":0.15627381205558777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07285618782043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/icg-220197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-220197","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/icga-journal/icg220197?id=icga-journal%2Ficg220197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30686695","display_name":"ICGA Journal","issn_l":"1389-6911","issn":["1389-6911","2468-2438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321919","host_organization_name":"International Computer Games Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Computer Games Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:um:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/60e67cc3-4b30-4092-8824-b55dd06f994e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/60e67cc3-4b30-4092-8824-b55dd06f994e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal, 43(3), 146 - 161. IOS Press","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/icg-220197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-220197","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/icga-journal/icg220197?id=icga-journal%2Ficg220197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30686695","display_name":"ICGA Journal","issn_l":"1389-6911","issn":["1389-6911","2468-2438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321919","host_organization_name":"International Computer Games Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Computer Games Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321016","display_name":"Universiteit Maastricht","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121173017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3121173017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163248014","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1714211023","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2146006881","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2150468603","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2609080831","https://openalex.org/W2646036860","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2901513928","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2918318309","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2969287672","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2982648431","https://openalex.org/W2989847975","https://openalex.org/W2998481030","https://openalex.org/W3016241311","https://openalex.org/W3044994704","https://openalex.org/W3081484978","https://openalex.org/W3089514910","https://openalex.org/W3097986043","https://openalex.org/W3103780890","https://openalex.org/W3118210634","https://openalex.org/W3120321599","https://openalex.org/W6606651207","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6762220698","https://openalex.org/W6769254945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121173017","https://openalex.org/W4287370909","https://openalex.org/W2252918381","https://openalex.org/W2414084615","https://openalex.org/W2788649699","https://openalex.org/W2976926181","https://openalex.org/W637689146","https://openalex.org/W2747568255","https://openalex.org/W2514633027","https://openalex.org/W4232747721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combinations":[0],"of":[1,48,63,119,158,202],"Monte-Carlo":[2],"tree":[3],"search":[4,26,102],"and":[5,25,52,66,90,101,124,131,139,152,162,166,181,206,211],"Deep":[6],"Neural":[7],"Networks,":[8],"trained":[9],"through":[10,141],"self-play,":[11],"have":[12],"produced":[13,107],"state-of-the-art":[14],"results":[15,193],"for":[16,45,110,134,179,184,194,213],"automated":[17],"game-playing":[18],"in":[19,59,188,198],"many":[20],"board":[21,112,204],"games.":[22,113],"The":[23],"training":[24,100,196],"algorithms":[27],"are":[28,38,137],"not":[29,145],"game-specific,":[30],"but":[31],"every":[32],"individual":[33],"game":[34,73,92,186],"that":[35,75,136,172],"these":[36],"approaches":[37],"applied":[39],"to":[40,87,129,169],"still":[41],"requires":[42],"domain":[43,149,156],"knowledge":[44,150,157],"the":[46,49,54,61,117,159,176],"implementation":[47,118],"game\u2019s":[50],"rules,":[51],"constructing":[53],"neural":[55],"network\u2019s":[56],"architecture":[57],"\u2013":[58],"particular":[60],"shapes":[62,178],"its":[64,88,163],"input":[65,180],"output":[67,182],"tensors.":[68],"Ludii":[69,123,160],"is":[70,96],"a":[71,97,120,199],"general":[72],"system":[74,161],"already":[76,106],"contains":[77],"over":[78],"1,000":[79],"different":[80,203],"games,":[81,205],"which":[82,104,126],"can":[83,173],"rapidly":[84],"grow":[85],"thanks":[86],"powerful":[89],"user-friendly":[91],"description":[93],"language.":[94],"Polygames":[95,128],"framework":[98],"with":[99],"algorithms,":[103],"has":[105],"superhuman":[108],"players":[109],"several":[111,208],"This":[114],"paper":[115],"describes":[116],"bridge":[121],"between":[122],"Polygames,":[125],"enables":[127],"train":[130],"evaluate":[132],"models":[133],"games":[135],"implemented":[138,187],"run":[140],"Ludii.":[142,189],"We":[143,190],"do":[144],"require":[146],"any":[147,185],"game-specific":[148],"anymore,":[151],"instead":[153],"leverage":[154],"our":[155],"abstract":[164],"state":[165],"move":[167],"representations":[168],"write":[170],"functions":[171],"automatically":[174],"determine":[175],"appropriate":[177],"tensors":[183],"describe":[191],"experimental":[192],"short":[195],"runs":[197],"wide":[200],"variety":[201],"discuss":[207],"open":[209],"problems":[210],"avenues":[212],"future":[214],"research.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}