{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787325103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-1999-22303","title":"Efficient Approximation of Backgammon Race Equities1","display_name":"Efficient Approximation of Backgammon Race Equities1","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787325103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-1999-22303","mag":"2787325103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/icg-1999-22303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-1999-22303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30686695","display_name":"ICGA Journal","issn_l":"0920-234X","issn":["0920-234X","1389-6911","2468-2438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321919","host_organization_name":"International Computer Games Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Computer Games Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031775706","display_name":"Michael Buro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Buro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031775706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45234071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"133","last_page":"142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.7411249279975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4842819571495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.08044037222862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.05621752142906189}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7411249279975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4842819571495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08044037222862244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.05621752142906189}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/icg-1999-22303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/icg-1999-22303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30686695","display_name":"ICGA Journal","issn_l":"0920-234X","issn":["0920-234X","1389-6911","2468-2438"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321919","host_organization_name":"International Computer Games Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Computer Games Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ICGA Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.53.3790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.3790","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.neci.nj.nec.com/homepages/mic/ps/bgequ.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2492471733","https://openalex.org/W3013012681","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2337668750","https://openalex.org/W2076106997","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"efficient":[3],"equity":[4],"approximations":[5],"for":[6],"backgammon":[7],"races":[8,29],"based":[9],"on":[10],"statistical":[11],"analyses.":[12],"In":[13],"conjunction":[14],"with":[15,32],"a":[16,24],"1-ply":[17],"search":[18],"the":[19],"constructed":[20],"evaluation":[21],"functions":[22],"allow":[23],"program":[25],"to":[26,34],"play":[27],"short":[28],"almost":[30],"perfectly":[31],"regard":[33],"chec":[35]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}