{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2473069204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ica-160521","title":"Automatically calibrated occupancy sensors for an ambient assisted living system","display_name":"Automatically calibrated occupancy sensors for an ambient assisted living system","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2473069204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ica-160521","mag":"2473069204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ica-160521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ica-160521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107631664","display_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","issn_l":"1069-2509","issn":["1069-2509","1875-8835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069803803","display_name":"Francisco J. Fern\u00e1ndez-Luque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Fern\u00e1ndez-Luque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101527618","display_name":"David P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6266-9944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103709","display_name":"Centro de Edafolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Aplicada del Segura","ror":"https://ror.org/01fah6g03","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210103709"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ambient Intelligence and Interaction, SLL, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ambient Intelligence and Interaction, SLL, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038373417","display_name":"Juan Zapata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-3928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Zapata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063226771","display_name":"R. Ru\u0131\u0301z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3890-8124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ram\u00f3n Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmento de Electr\u00f3nica y Tecnolog\u00eda de Computadoras, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038373417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.334,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65354859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"287","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.874976634979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.7002670168876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6513288617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5713315010070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5433074831962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5417370200157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transducer","display_name":"Transducer","score":0.49825239181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4928126633167267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.4652906656265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.46082058548927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3414660692214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.32880130410194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23688790202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2070598304271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1902778148651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13432645797729492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.874976634979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.7002670168876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6513288617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5713315010070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5433074831962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5417370200157166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.49825239181518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4928126633167267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4652906656265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.46082058548927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3414660692214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32880130410194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23688790202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2070598304271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1902778148651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13432645797729492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/ica-160521","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ica-160521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S107631664","display_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","issn_l":"1069-2509","issn":["1069-2509","1875-8835"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201608102","https://openalex.org/W812832174","https://openalex.org/W1501250829","https://openalex.org/W1501500081","https://openalex.org/W1554334374","https://openalex.org/W1564419782","https://openalex.org/W1599396664","https://openalex.org/W1607198972","https://openalex.org/W1753689727","https://openalex.org/W1847526739","https://openalex.org/W1848739308","https://openalex.org/W1960418706","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1992880122","https://openalex.org/W2007995029","https://openalex.org/W2016728733","https://openalex.org/W2019740509","https://openalex.org/W2035155674","https://openalex.org/W2035960518","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2073308541","https://openalex.org/W2085153759","https://openalex.org/W2120636855","https://openalex.org/W2126626732","https://openalex.org/W2128299335","https://openalex.org/W2131687179","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2141585940","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2156154468","https://openalex.org/W2166732854","https://openalex.org/W2999729612","https://openalex.org/W4234536190","https://openalex.org/W4246396312","https://openalex.org/W4252521233","https://openalex.org/W6680096826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282043467","https://openalex.org/W2105697914","https://openalex.org/W3093197249","https://openalex.org/W1968324288","https://openalex.org/W1540010871","https://openalex.org/W3023979140","https://openalex.org/W2904068067","https://openalex.org/W1565491139","https://openalex.org/W2969770948","https://openalex.org/W3177545769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Occupancy":[0],"detection":[1],"in":[2,16,78,147,183,198,240,249,278,287],"customary":[3],"resting":[4],"places":[5],"of":[6,81,93,99,145,217,220,226,253,259,267],"people":[7],"living":[8],"alone":[9],"at":[10],"home":[11],"is":[12,38,104,132],"a":[13,34,44,75,107,212],"main":[14],"issue":[15],"Ambient":[17],"Assisted":[18],"Living":[19],"(AAL)":[20],"systems.":[21],"Typical":[22],"occupancy":[23,130,151,154,181],"sensors":[24,182],"are":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27],"pressure-contact":[28],"mats":[29],"or":[30,84],"load":[31,95,127,177],"transducers":[32],"with":[33,119],"predefined":[35],"threshold":[36,65,128,222,255],"which":[37,66,206],"established":[39],"during":[40],"the":[41,51,68,72,79,82,90,94,100,116,148,162,169,215,218,221,224,227,241,254,257,260,268,279],"sensor":[42,69,121],"installation":[43],"nd":[45],"should":[46],"be":[47],"recalibrated":[48],"manually":[49],"if":[50],"transducer":[52,73],"response":[53,92],"changes.":[54],"We":[55],"propose":[56],"an":[57,63,184,264],"automatic":[58],"calibration":[59],"algorithm":[60,103],"to":[61,110,141,238,247,276,285],"get":[62,111],"adaptive":[64,112,171],"makes":[67],"robust":[70],"regarding":[71],"degradation,":[74],"small":[76],"shift":[77],"position":[80],"sensor,":[83],"any":[85],"other":[86],"variation":[87],"that":[88,114],"modifies":[89],"characteristic":[91],"sensor.":[96],"An":[97],"implementation":[98],"k-means":[101],"clustering":[102],"used":[105],"over":[106,188],"data":[108,178],"window":[109],"centroids":[113],"represent":[115],"values":[117],"associated":[118],"each":[120],"state:":[122],"occupied":[123],"and":[124,152,157,244,282],"unoccupied.":[125],"The":[126,165,230,251],"for":[129,214],"determination":[131],"updated":[133],"using":[134,176],"these":[135],"centroids.":[136],"This":[137],"method":[138,172],"has":[139,173,207,233,271],"demonstrated":[140],"have":[142,194],"better":[143,158],"percentage":[144],"success":[146,231],"classification":[149],"between":[150],"no":[153],"(success":[155],"rate)":[156],"error":[159,204,269],"margin":[160],"than":[161],"fixed":[163],"one.":[164],"improvement":[166],"brought":[167],"by":[168,210],"proposed":[170],"been":[174,195,208,234,272],"quantified":[175],"records":[179],"from":[180,223,236,245,256,274,283],"AAL":[185],"system":[186],"deployed":[187],"10":[189],"real":[190],"homes.":[191],"Success":[192],"rates":[193],"satisfactorily":[196],"increased":[197,235],"every":[199],"case,":[200],"as":[201,203,263],"well":[202],"margin,":[205,270],"measured":[209],"defining":[211],"metric":[213],"mean":[216],"deviation":[219,252],"center":[225,258],"local":[228,261],"data.":[229],"rate":[232],"77.7%":[237],"96%":[239],"best":[242,280],"case":[243,281],"93%":[246],"98.6%":[248],"mean.":[250,288],"data,":[262],"inverse":[265],"measurement":[266],"improved":[273],"24.4%":[275],"0.75%":[277],"9.5%":[284],"1.14%":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}