{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1680705995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/fi-2010-312","title":"An Empirical Study of QBF Encodings: from Treewidth Estimation to Useful Preprocessing","display_name":"An Empirical Study of QBF Encodings: from Treewidth Estimation to Useful Preprocessing","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1680705995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/fi-2010-312","mag":"1680705995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/fi-2010-312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/fi-2010-312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39012697","display_name":"Fundamenta Informaticae","issn_l":"0169-2968","issn":["0169-2968","1875-8681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fundamenta Informaticae","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004587018","display_name":"Luca Pulina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0258-3222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Pulina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Telematica, Universit\u00e1 di Genova, Viale Causa, 13 \u2013 16145 Genova, Italy. luca.pulina@unige.it; armando.tacchella@unige.it"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Telematica, Universit\u00e1 di Genova, Viale Causa, 13 \u2013 16145 Genova, Italy. luca.pulina@unige.it; armando.tacchella@unige.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067087113","display_name":"Armando Tacchella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-331X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armando Tacchella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Telematica, Universit\u00e1 di Genova, Viale Causa, 13 \u2013 16145 Genova, Italy. luca.pulina@unige.it; armando.tacchella@unige.it"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Telematica, Universit\u00e1 di Genova, Viale Causa, 13 \u2013 16145 Genova, Italy. luca.pulina@unige.it; armando.tacchella@unige.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004587018"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69021176,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"3-4","first_page":"391","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10683","display_name":"Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treewidth","display_name":"Treewidth","score":0.923416256904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.768104076385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5272613763809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.42748144268989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4213925302028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3870905637741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.3277170658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17958784103393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.14906856417655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08182474970817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathwidth","display_name":"Pathwidth","score":0.07306718826293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132569581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5067368","display_name":"Treewidth","level":5,"score":0.923416256904602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.768104076385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5272613763809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.42748144268989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4213925302028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3870905637741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.3277170658111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17958784103393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.14906856417655945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08182474970817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43517604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144893","display_name":"Pathwidth","level":4,"score":0.07306718826293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/fi-2010-312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/fi-2010-312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39012697","display_name":"Fundamenta Informaticae","issn_l":"0169-2968","issn":["0169-2968","1875-8681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fundamenta Informaticae","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/257622","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11567/257622","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5383638","https://openalex.org/W69475820","https://openalex.org/W99828349","https://openalex.org/W1482661140","https://openalex.org/W1483522989","https://openalex.org/W1494899888","https://openalex.org/W1496518193","https://openalex.org/W1505368563","https://openalex.org/W1512793391","https://openalex.org/W1513165874","https://openalex.org/W1514067536","https://openalex.org/W1521034429","https://openalex.org/W1548827561","https://openalex.org/W1558152194","https://openalex.org/W1560318357","https://openalex.org/W1572445670","https://openalex.org/W1579668958","https://openalex.org/W1593443951","https://openalex.org/W1628915153","https://openalex.org/W1991477862","https://openalex.org/W1998084650","https://openalex.org/W1999038767","https://openalex.org/W2005573219","https://openalex.org/W2013951121","https://openalex.org/W2029448190","https://openalex.org/W2034674470","https://openalex.org/W2062897452","https://openalex.org/W2085550081","https://openalex.org/W2104749823","https://openalex.org/W2108447646","https://openalex.org/W2108530105","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2125720043","https://openalex.org/W2149441048","https://openalex.org/W2165930340","https://openalex.org/W2560525892","https://openalex.org/W2914871854","https://openalex.org/W2966207845","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949617446","https://openalex.org/W4294299870","https://openalex.org/W2748664888","https://openalex.org/W1582492864","https://openalex.org/W35387897","https://openalex.org/W2591659253","https://openalex.org/W2745231626","https://openalex.org/W4321393130","https://openalex.org/W2736575577","https://openalex.org/W2178269805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"an":[1],"empirical":[2,45,104],"point":[3],"of":[4,8,19,29,43,73,83,89,103,149,167,185],"view,":[5],"the":[6,17,27,41,79,87,109,147,165,183],"hardness":[7,46,105],"quantified":[9],"Boolean":[10],"formulas":[11,30],"(QBFs),":[12],"can":[13,51,66,142],"be":[14,67,143],"characterized":[15],"by":[16],"(in)ability":[18],"current":[20],"state-of-the-art":[21],"QBF":[22,74,150,155,187],"solvers":[23,156],"to":[24,69,130,145],"decide":[25],"about":[26],"truth":[28],"given":[31],"limited":[32],"computational":[33],"resources.":[34],"In":[35,76],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,59,92],"start":[39],"from":[40,158],"problem":[42],"computing":[44],"markers,":[47],"i.e.,":[48],"features":[49],"that":[50,63,94,139,153,173],"discriminate":[52],"between":[53,81],"hard":[54,186],"and":[55,58,86,106],"easy":[56],"QBFs,":[57],"end":[60],"up":[61],"showing":[62],"such":[64],"markers":[65],"useful":[68,144],"improve":[70],"our":[71],"understanding":[72],"preprocessors.":[75],"particular,":[77],"considering":[78,119],"connection":[80],"classes":[82],"tractable":[84],"QBFs":[85,132],"treewidth":[88,98,140,166,177],"associated":[90],"graphs,":[91],"show":[93,138],"(an":[95],"approximation":[96],"of)":[97],"is":[99,108],"indeed":[100],"a":[101,159,179],"marker":[102],"it":[107,163],"only":[110],"parameter":[111],"which":[112,125],"succeeds":[113],"consistently":[114],"in":[115,133,152],"being":[116],"so,":[117],"even":[118],"several":[120],"other":[121,134],"purely":[122],"syntactic":[123],"candidates":[124],"have":[126],"been":[127],"successfully":[128],"employed":[129],"characterize":[131],"contexts.":[135],"We":[136],"also":[137],"approximations":[141],"describe":[146],"effect":[148],"preprocessors,":[151],"some":[154],"benefit":[157],"preprocessing":[160],"phase":[161],"when":[162],"reduces":[164],"their":[168],"input.":[169],"Our":[170],"experiments":[171],"suggest":[172],"structural":[174],"simplifications":[175],"reducing":[176],"are":[178],"potential":[180],"enabler":[181],"for":[182],"solution":[184],"encodings.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T06:03:33.228499","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
