{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167090117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531","title":"Seeking Information with RAG-Assistants: Does Model Size Matter in Human-AI Collaborations?","display_name":"Seeking Information with RAG-Assistants: Does Model Size Matter in Human-AI Collaborations?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167090117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia260531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139944770","display_name":"Lennard C. Froma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2061-9208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210716285","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/0093src13","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lennard C. Froma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University - The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2061-9208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056156037","display_name":"Tom Kouwenhoven","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-4073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210716285","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/0093src13","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Kouwenhoven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University - The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-4073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085181159","display_name":"Maaike de Boer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-8351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148297040","display_name":"Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjb948","country_code":"NL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148297040"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maaike H.T. de Boer","raw_affiliation_strings":["TNO - The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-8351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TNO - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148297040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074074791","display_name":"Catholijn M. Jonker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-7461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210716285","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/0093src13","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210716285"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catholijn M. Jonker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University - The Netherlands","TU Delft - The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-7461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I210716285"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Delft - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023036036","display_name":"Max van Duijn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-9598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I210716285","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences Leiden","ror":"https://ror.org/0093src13","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max J. van Duijn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden University - The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-9598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden University - The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337","https://openalex.org/I210716285"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89796954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.016200000420212746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.9248999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability-goals","display_name":"Usability goals","score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.30630001425743103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.9248999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6628999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62993174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928808","display_name":"Usability goals","level":4,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia260531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia260531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia260531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Much":[0],"research":[1],"on":[2,6,31,183],"LLMs":[3],"has":[4,21],"focused":[5],"increasing":[7],"benchmark":[8,184],"performance.":[9],"However,":[10],"the":[11,62,90,105,112,159],"evaluation":[12],"of":[13,53,64,108,118,162],"such":[14],"models":[15],"in":[16,35,127,166],"real-world":[17],"collaborative":[18,92],"human\u2013AI":[19],"workflows":[20],"stayed":[22],"behind.":[23],"This":[24,144],"work":[25,157],"evaluates":[26],"a":[27,36,146],"chatbot-style":[28],"assistant":[29],"based":[30],"Retrieval-Augmented":[32],"Generation":[33],"(RAG)":[34],"realistic":[37],"multi-turn":[38,168],"information-seeking":[39,128],"scenario":[40],"inspired":[41],"by":[42,68],"workplace":[43],"settings":[44],"where":[45],"compliance":[46],"with":[47,170],"local":[48],"legislation":[49],"and":[50,87,94,100,134,153,176],"secure":[51],"handling":[52],"sensitive":[54],"data":[55],"are":[56,125],"often":[57],"key.":[58],"Specifically,":[59],"we":[60,79],"examine":[61],"performance":[63,106,185],"humans":[65],"(N=112)":[66],"assisted":[67],"RAG-assistants":[69],"compared":[70],"to":[71],"LLM-only":[72],"or":[73],"LLM+RAG":[74],"baselines.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"setting,":[78],"investigate":[80],"how":[81,95],"underlying":[82],"model":[83,119,142,150],"size":[84],"(3B,":[85],"8B,":[86],"70B)":[88],"shapes":[89],"human-AI":[91,109],"dynamic":[93],"it":[96],"influences":[97],"perceived":[98,132],"usability":[99,133,175],"satisfaction.":[101],"Results":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104,122],"gain":[107],"collaboration":[110],"over":[111],"model-only":[113],"baselines":[114],"is":[115],"significant,":[116],"irrespective":[117],"size,":[120,151],"suggesting":[121],"hybrid":[123],"systems":[124],"beneficial":[126],"scenarios.":[129],"Interestingly,":[130],"however,":[131],"satisfaction":[135,177],"among":[136],"participants":[137],"showed":[138],"little":[139],"difference":[140],"across":[141],"sizes.":[143],"demonstrates":[145],"nuanced":[147],"trade-off":[148],"between":[149],"performance,":[152],"user":[154],"perception.":[155],"Our":[156],"highlights":[158],"added":[160],"value":[161],"evaluating":[163],"AI":[164],"applications":[165],"actual":[167],"interactions":[169],"human":[171],"users,":[172],"looking":[173],"at":[174],"besides":[178],"accuracy,":[179],"rather":[180],"than":[181],"focusing":[182],"only.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T06:20:38.788640","created_date":"2026-07-03T00:00:00"}
