{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415428345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071","title":"Frozen in Time: Parameter-Efficient Time Series Transformers via Reservoir-Induced Feature Expansion and Fixed Random Dynamics","display_name":"Frozen in Time: Parameter-Efficient Time Series Transformers via Reservoir-Induced Feature Expansion and Fixed Random Dynamics","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415428345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia251071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780181","display_name":"Pradeep Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-3355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5372-3355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mehak Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3102-1045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehak Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3102-1045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120092205","display_name":"Anupriya Dey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupriya Dey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1630-1017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030765476","display_name":"Balasubramanian Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-6267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154851008","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee","ror":"https://ror.org/00582g326","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balasubramanian Raman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-6267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154851008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46866461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9602000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7699000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6202999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprint","display_name":"Preprint","score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-computing","display_name":"Reservoir computing","score":0.45820000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7699000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6741999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6202999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43169469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580922","display_name":"Preprint","level":2,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5412999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135796866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315328","display_name":"Reservoir computing","level":4,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56951928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3539213","display_name":"Trimming","level":2,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia251071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia251071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia251071","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformers":[0,112],"are":[1],"the":[2,45,55,124,144],"de-facto":[3],"choice":[4],"for":[5],"sequence":[6],"modelling,":[7],"yet":[8],"their":[9],"quadratic":[10],"self-attention":[11],"and":[12,22,70,98,134],"weak":[13],"temporal":[14],"bias":[15],"can":[16],"make":[17],"long-range":[18],"forecasting":[19,85],"both":[20],"expensive":[21],"brittle.":[23],"We":[24],"introduce":[25],"FreezeTST,":[26],"a":[27,114,136],"lightweight":[28],"hybrid":[29],"that":[30,107],"interleaves":[31],"frozen":[32,42],"random-feature":[33],"(reservoir)":[34],"blocks":[35,43],"with":[36,47,100],"standard":[37,83],"trainable":[38,56,68],"Transformer":[39],"layers.":[40],"The":[41,65],"endow":[44],"network":[46],"rich":[48],"nonlinear":[49],"memory":[50,62],"at":[51,132,147],"no":[52],"optimisation":[53],"cost;":[54],"layers":[57],"learn":[58],"to":[59,118],"query":[60],"this":[61],"through":[63],"self-attention.":[64],"design":[66],"cuts":[67],"parameters":[69],"also":[71],"lowers":[72],"wall-clock":[73],"training":[74],"time,":[75],"while":[76],"leaving":[77],"inference":[78],"complexity":[79],"unchanged.":[80],"On":[81],"seven":[82],"long-term":[84,120],"benchmarks,":[86],"FreezeTST":[87],"consistently":[88],"matches":[89],"or":[90],"surpasses":[91],"specialised":[92],"variants":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"Informer,":[96],"Autoformer,":[97],"PatchTST;":[99],"substantially":[101],"lower":[102],"compute.":[103],"Our":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"embedding":[108],"reservoir":[109],"principles":[110],"within":[111],"offers":[113],"simple,":[115],"principled":[116],"route":[117],"efficient":[119],"time-series":[121],"prediction.":[122],"In":[123],"interest":[125],"of":[126],"reproducibility,":[127],"we":[128],"release":[129],"our":[130],"implementation":[131],"github.com/deepdyn/Frozen-Transformers":[133],"provide":[135],"full":[137],"technical":[138],"appendix":[139],"(proofs,":[140],"ablations,":[141],"hyperparameters)":[142],"in":[143],"arXiv":[145],"preprint":[146],"DOI:":[148],"10.48550/arXiv:2508.18130.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}
