{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415428888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888","title":"Enhancing Learning of Spiking Neural Networks Through Normalization with Time-Based Statistics Estimation","display_name":"Enhancing Learning of Spiking Neural Networks Through Normalization with Time-Based Statistics Estimation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415428888","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia250888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100720285","display_name":"Lei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6846-8492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014148417","display_name":"Chengting Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7210-879X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengting Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102010604","display_name":"Kainan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2975-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kainan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693068","display_name":"Aili Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-4019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158570","display_name":"Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04jth1r26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570","https://openalex.org/I76130692","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aili Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZJU-UIUC Institute, Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100720285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50906367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8282999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-learning","display_name":"Statistical learning","score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.3831999897956848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8282999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5874999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.37929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162984825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339072","display_name":"Database normalization","level":3,"score":0.2653000056743622}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia250888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia250888","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"Neural":[1,21],"Networks":[2,22],"(SNNs)":[3],"represent":[4],"a":[5,117,136],"promising":[6],"avenue":[7],"for":[8,43,61,110,130,218],"energy-efficient":[9],"neuromorphic":[10,206],"computing.":[11],"Despite":[12],"their":[13,26,44],"potential,":[14],"SNNs":[15],"typically":[16],"underperform":[17],"compared":[18],"to":[19,25,98,123,159],"Artificial":[20],"(ANNs)":[23],"due":[24],"complex":[27],"spatio-temporal":[28],"dynamics.":[29],"To":[30],"improve":[31],"learning":[32,56,185,217],"in":[33,126,215],"these":[34],"networks,":[35],"researchers":[36],"have":[37,50,58],"developed":[38],"various":[39],"approaches":[40],"that":[41],"account":[42],"unique":[45],"characteristics\u2014among":[46],"them,":[47],"normalization":[48,107,128],"techniques":[49,108],"proven":[51],"especially":[52],"important.":[53],"Recently,":[54],"online":[55,90,178,216],"algorithms":[57],"been":[59],"explored":[60],"SNN":[62,219],"training":[63],"as":[64],"they":[65],"update":[66,99],"network":[67],"weights":[68],"using":[69,164],"only":[70,165],"temporally":[71,95],"local":[72,96],"information,":[73],"avoiding":[74],"the":[75,86,102,146,169,196],"high":[76],"memory":[77],"demands":[78],"associated":[79],"with":[80,174],"Backpropagation":[81],"Through":[82],"Time":[83],"(BPTT).":[84],"However,":[85],"computational":[87],"mechanism":[88],"of":[89,104,148,199],"learning,":[91,179],"which":[92],"relies":[93],"on":[94,188,202],"information":[97],"weights,":[100],"hinders":[101],"application":[103],"integrating":[105],"effective":[106],"tailored":[109],"SNNs.":[111,131],"In":[112,208],"this":[113],"work,":[114],"we":[115],"propose":[116],"Time-based":[118],"Statistics":[119],"Estimation":[120],"(TSE)":[121],"method":[122,158,171,201,211],"address":[124],"limitations":[125],"existing":[127],"strategies":[129],"We":[132],"begin":[133],"by":[134],"establishing":[135],"systematic":[137],"link":[138],"between":[139],"overall":[140,162],"statistics":[141,163],"and":[142,177,192,205],"time-step-specific":[143],"ones,":[144],"leveraging":[145],"decomposability":[147],"key":[149],"statistical":[150],"measures.":[151],"This":[152],"insight":[153],"allows":[154],"our":[155,200,210],"proposed":[156,170],"TSE":[157],"reliably":[160],"estimate":[161],"recent":[166],"iterations.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"is":[172],"compatible":[173],"both":[175,203],"BPTT":[176],"consistently":[180],"yielding":[181],"strong":[182],"performance":[183,198,214],"across":[184],"paradigms.":[186],"Experiments":[187],"CIFAR-10,":[189],"CIFAR-100,":[190],"ImageNet,":[191],"DVS-CIFAR10":[193],"datasets":[194],"demonstrate":[195],"superior":[197],"static":[204],"datasets.":[207],"particular,":[209],"achieves":[212],"state-of-the-art":[213],"training.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}