{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405042804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241279","title":"Towards Hybrid Evaluation Methodologies for Large Language Models in the Legal Domain","display_name":"Towards Hybrid Evaluation Methodologies for Large Language Models in the Legal Domain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405042804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241279"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241279","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241279","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093321088","display_name":"Marco Sanchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3264-2168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Sanchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna, University of Pisa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, University of Pisa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013947132","display_name":"Tereza Novotn\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2089-2216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tereza Novotn\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Masaryk University of Brno"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Masaryk University of Brno","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093321088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73178237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6614692211151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45042455196380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.4048166871070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3951975703239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23631224036216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06037139892578125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6614692211151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45042455196380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4048166871070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3951975703239441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23631224036216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06037139892578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241279","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241279","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405042804.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,28],"paper":[1],"analyses":[2],"automated":[3],"and":[4],"human-driven":[5],"evaluation":[6,26,55],"approaches":[7],"for":[8,60],"Large":[9],"Language":[10],"Models":[11],"(LLMs)":[12],"performance":[13],"in":[14],"the":[15,19,58],"legal":[16],"domain,":[17],"stressing":[18],"need":[20,59],"to":[21],"combine":[22],"both":[23],"into":[24],"hybrid":[25,63],"frameworks.":[27],"conclusion":[29],"is":[30],"reinforced":[31],"by":[32,42],"a":[33,62],"qualitative":[34],"case":[35],"study":[36],"that":[37],"uncovers":[38],"assessment":[39],"factors":[40],"considered":[41],"lawyers":[43],"when":[44],"using":[45],"LLMs.":[46],"The":[47],"diverse":[48],"nature":[49],"of":[50],"these":[51],"factors,":[52],"requiring":[53],"distinct":[54],"approaches,":[56],"underscores":[57],"adopting":[61],"methodology.":[64]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}