{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405042798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241262","title":"Combining Rule-Based and Machine Learning Methods for Efficient Information Extraction from Enforcement Decisions","display_name":"Combining Rule-Based and Machine Learning Methods for Efficient Information Extraction from Enforcement Decisions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405042798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241262","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115006877","display_name":"Harry Nan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","display_name":"Tilburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b8v1s79","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harry Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilburg University, Tilburg Law School"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilburg University, Tilburg Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049970479","display_name":"M. Marx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Marx","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027251961","display_name":"Johan Wolswinkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-5027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","display_name":"Tilburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04b8v1s79","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan Wolswinkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tilburg University, Tilburg Law School"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tilburg University, Tilburg Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115006877"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1752,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90823322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7281110286712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6024947166442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.5981189608573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5747898817062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5407047867774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5391867756843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5304479002952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5280364751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.5160393714904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.46720024943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.46003517508506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4428788423538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.34355872869491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07886233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.06863090395927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.059302687644958496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7281110286712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6024947166442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5981189608573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5747898817062378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5407047867774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5391867756843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5304479002952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5280364751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.5160393714904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46720024943351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.46003517508506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4428788423538208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.34355872869491577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07886233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.06863090395927429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.059302687644958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241262","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tilburguniversity.edu:publications/c31d97e4-48f2-4a85-83d4-9d63902065b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/c31d97e4-48f2-4a85-83d4-9d63902065b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401490","display_name":"Research portal (Tilburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193700539","host_organization_name":"Tilburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193700539"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nan , H , Marx , M & Wolswinkel , J 2024 , Combining rule-based and machine learning methods for efficient information extraction from enforcement decisions . in J Savelka , J Harasta , T Novotna & J Misek (eds) , JURIX 2024 : The thirty-seventh annual conference, Brno, Czech Republic, 11-13 December 2024 . vol. 395 , Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications , IOS Press , pp. 321-326 , 37th International Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems\u200b , Brno , Czech Republic , 11/12/24 . https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA241262","raw_type":"bookPart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241262","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405042798.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226026301","https://openalex.org/W2099704814","https://openalex.org/W3046446793","https://openalex.org/W3125992077","https://openalex.org/W1580010780","https://openalex.org/W2138148318","https://openalex.org/W2009765263","https://openalex.org/W3121915999","https://openalex.org/W4252664052","https://openalex.org/W4251875448"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,63],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,101],"effective":[4,78],"and":[5,22,72,79],"efficient":[6,66],"approach":[7,64],"for":[8,77],"automatic":[9],"extraction":[10],"of":[11,36,74,107,116],"key":[12],"features":[13,86],"from":[14,103],"enforcement":[15],"decisions,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18,67],"their":[19,23],"legal":[20,24],"basis":[21],"effect,":[25],"by":[26,57,100],"strategically":[27],"applying":[28],"a":[29,93],"Large":[30],"Language":[31],"Model":[32],"(LLM)":[33],"on":[34],"top":[35],"rule-based":[37,40,94],"methods.":[38],"Initially,":[39],"methods":[41],"identify":[42],"candidate":[43,108],"sentences":[44,54,109],"within":[45],"these":[46,49,53],"decisions":[47],"containing":[48],"features,":[50],"after":[51],"which":[52],"are":[55],"analyzed":[56],"GPT-3.5":[58],"to":[59,92],"extract":[60],"the":[61,70,104],"features.":[62],"is":[65],"it":[68],"reduces":[69],"input":[71],"number":[73],"resources":[75],"needed":[76],"context":[80],"aware":[81],"information":[82],"extraction.":[83],"Furthermore,":[84],"other":[85],"that":[87],"have":[88],"not":[89],"been":[90],"subject":[91],"selection":[95],"first":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98],"extracted":[99],"LLM":[102],"same":[105],"set":[106],"when":[110],"they":[111],"exist":[112],"in":[113],"close":[114],"proximity":[115],"each":[117],"other.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}