{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405036067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241230","title":"Fighting the Knowledge Representation Bottleneck with Large Language Models","display_name":"Fighting the Knowledge Representation Bottleneck with Large Language Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405036067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241230","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241230","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017342051","display_name":"Marco Billi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-073X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Billi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068131352","display_name":"Giuseppe Pisano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0230-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Pisano","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093321088","display_name":"Marco Sanchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3264-2168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Sanchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy","University of Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID Alma-AI, Faculty of Law, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76124885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9639999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7644392251968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5687769651412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5242674350738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.4089905023574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3851262331008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.35873842239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20722144842147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.11218363046646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09696689248085022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7644392251968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5687769651412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5242674350738525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4089905023574829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3851262331008911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.35873842239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20722144842147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11218363046646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09696689248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241230","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1345093","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1345093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1009905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1009905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia241230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia241230","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA241230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405036067.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,136],"paper":[1,137],"implements":[2,131],"Large":[3],"Language":[4],"Models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"to":[7,21,30,139,169],"support":[8],"the":[9,15,25,31,39,58,74,90,100,108,116,122,134,140,150,170],"development":[10],"of":[11,24,35,76,92,102,107,118,124,142,172],"expert":[12,54,109,156],"systems":[13],"in":[14,49,79,133],"legal":[16,77,155],"domain.":[17],"Our":[18],"goal":[19],"is":[20],"tackle":[22],"one":[23],"most":[26],"critical":[27],"issues":[28],"related":[29],"creation":[32],"and":[33,86,130,144,154,158,177],"management":[34],"rule-based":[36],"systems,":[37,157],"being":[38],"knowledge":[40,84,163],"representation":[41],"bottleneck.":[42],"To":[43,111],"do":[44,112],"so,":[45,113],"we":[46],"employ":[47],"GPT-4o":[48],"combination":[50],"with":[51,73,99],"an":[52],"existing":[53,93,125],"system":[55],"developed":[56],"using":[57],"Prolog":[59,80],"language,":[60],"presenting":[61],"a":[62,82],"case":[63,103,119],"study":[64],"based":[65],"on":[66,121],"multiple":[67],"tasks.":[68],"The":[69,95],"first":[70],"task":[71,97],"deals":[72,98],"formalization":[75],"articles":[78],"given":[81],"stable":[83],"base":[85],"factual":[87],"structure,":[88],"including":[89],"revision":[91],"facts.":[94],"second":[96],"implementation":[101],"law":[104,120,143],"for":[105,162],"updating":[106],"system.":[110,135],"it":[114],"identifies":[115],"influence":[117],"application":[123],"norms,":[126],"creates":[127],"new":[128],"rules":[129],"them":[132],"contributes":[138],"field":[141],"Artificial":[145],"Intelligence":[146],"(AI)":[147],"by":[148],"investigating":[149],"relationship":[151],"between":[152],"LLMs":[153],"exploring":[159],"its":[160],"usefulness":[161],"engineers,":[164],"as":[165,167],"well":[166],"contributing":[168],"research":[171],"hybrid":[173],"architectures":[174],"combining":[175],"generative":[176],"symbolic":[178],"AI.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}