{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403486628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240968","title":"CoTran: An LLM-Based Code Translator Using Reinforcement Learning with Feedback from Compiler and Symbolic Execution","display_name":"CoTran: An LLM-Based Code Translator Using Reinforcement Learning with Feedback from Compiler and Symbolic Execution","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403486628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia240968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240968","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA240968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA240968","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043577344","display_name":"Prithwish Jana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1967-4665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prithwish Jana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102816783","display_name":"Piyush Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-354X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piyush Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092160832","display_name":"Haoyang Ju","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyang Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102694724","display_name":"Gautham Kishore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautham Kishore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110990990","display_name":"Aryan Mahajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aryan Mahajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052292970","display_name":"Vijay Ganesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-2047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Ganesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043577344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98120795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7578346133232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.75590580701828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6576277613639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.556829571723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5454935431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3376442492008209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22884342074394226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7578346133232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.75590580701828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6576277613639832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.556829571723938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5454935431480408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3376442492008209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22884342074394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia240968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240968","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA240968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia240968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240968","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA240968","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403486628.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4240253816","https://openalex.org/W3096456556","https://openalex.org/W2169584677","https://openalex.org/W2979513934","https://openalex.org/W1713081424","https://openalex.org/W2127315869","https://openalex.org/W1523769955","https://openalex.org/W2245390655","https://openalex.org/W4379536100","https://openalex.org/W2056396287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,50],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,53,138],"present":[4],"an":[5,11,55,84],"LLM-based":[6,27,121],"code":[7,28,38,115,132],"translation":[8,29,116,122],"method":[9],"and":[10,63,76,90,124,136,154,168,179,193,201],"associated":[12],"tool":[13,175],"called":[14],"CoTran,":[15,183],"that":[16,35,140],"translates":[17],"whole-programs":[18],"from":[19,102],"one":[20],"high-level":[21],"programming":[22],"language":[23],"to":[24,33,46,69,82],"another.":[25],"Existing":[26],"methods":[30],"lack":[31],"training":[32],"ensure":[34],"the":[36,47,74,143,172],"translated":[37],"reliably":[39],"compiles":[40],"or":[41],"bears":[42],"substantial":[43],"functional":[44,71,155],"equivalence":[45,72,156],"input":[48,75],"code.":[49],"our":[51],"work,":[52],"fine-tune":[54],"LLM":[56,85],"using":[57],"reinforcement":[58],"learning,":[59],"incorporating":[60],"compiler":[61,89],"feedback,":[62,93],"symbolic":[64],"execution":[65],"(symexec)-based":[66],"testing":[67,92],"feedback":[68],"assess":[70],"between":[73],"output":[77],"programs.":[78],"The":[79],"idea":[80],"is":[81,101],"guide":[83],"during":[86],"fine-tuning,":[87],"via":[88],"symexec-based":[91],"by":[94,191,195],"letting":[95],"it":[96,100],"know":[97],"how":[98],"far":[99],"producing":[103],"perfect":[104],"translations.":[105],"We":[106],"conduct":[107],"extensive":[108],"experiments":[109],"comparing":[110],"CoTran":[111,141,164],"with":[112],"14":[113],"other":[114,144],"tools,":[117,123],"including":[118],"human-written":[119],"transpilers,":[120],"ChatGPT.":[125],"Using":[126],"a":[127],"benchmark":[128],"of":[129,187],"over":[130],"57,000":[131],"pairs":[133],"in":[134,161],"Java":[135],"Python,":[137],"demonstrate":[139],"outperforms":[142],"tools":[145],"on":[146,185],"relevant":[147],"metrics":[148],"such":[149],"as":[150],"compilation":[151],"accuracy":[152,157],"(CompAcc)":[153],"(FEqAcc).":[158],"For":[159],"example,":[160],"Python-to-Java":[162,198],"translation,":[163],"achieves":[165],"48.68%":[166],"FEqAcc":[167,190],"76.98%":[169],"CompAcc,":[170],"whereas":[171],"nearest":[173],"competing":[174],"(PLBART-base)":[176],"gets":[177],"38.26%":[178],"75.77%":[180],"respectively.":[181],"Additionally,":[182],"built":[184],"top":[186],"CodeT5,":[188],"improves":[189],"+14.89%":[192],"CompAcc":[194],"+8.14%":[196],"for":[197,203],"(resp.,":[199],"+12.94%":[200],"+4.30%":[202],"Java-to-Python).":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
