{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402689975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240360","title":"URL Phishing Detection by Using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning Model","display_name":"URL Phishing Detection by Using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402689975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia240360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113393302","display_name":"Clive Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clive Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089742876","display_name":"Ali Selamat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75092371","display_name":"University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05k238v14","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}],"countries":["CZ","MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Selamat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","MagicX - Media & Games Center of Excellence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic - EU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MagicX - Media & Games Center of Excellence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic - EU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079642983","display_name":"Roliana Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7580-1804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roliana Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050587852","display_name":"Nguyet Quang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1826-1092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.N. Quang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042597849","display_name":"Hamido Fujita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5256-210X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamido Fujita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045569977","display_name":"Ond\u0159ej Krejcar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-2574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75092371","display_name":"University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05k238v14","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ondrej Krejcar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic - EU"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic - EU","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75092371"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88338328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.8362534046173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7072860598564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5390830039978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49889302253723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.29447251558303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.0855545699596405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.8362534046173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7072860598564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5390830039978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49889302253723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.29447251558303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0855545699596405}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia240360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia240360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2149202530","https://openalex.org/W2807822918","https://openalex.org/W2921723332","https://openalex.org/W2482950156","https://openalex.org/W4396966040","https://openalex.org/W2305322260","https://openalex.org/W3139248031","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54,91,108],"selection":[1],"between":[2],"Deep":[3],"Learning":[4],"(DL)":[5],"approaches":[6],"is":[7,40,188,209],"not":[8],"easy":[9],"for":[10,248],"URL":[11,104,120,123,125,184,218,249,269],"phishing":[12,28,80,105,115,185,219,250,270],"due":[13],"to":[14,26,48,83,101,113,152],"the":[15,32,37,65,76,85,99,134,138,141,163,178,192,198,202,207,236,238,257,260],"variety":[16],"of":[17,94,140,162,201,225,259],"attacks":[18,116],"and":[19,30,35,51,58,68,88,127,131,159,204,228,241,246,255,267],"scammers.":[20],"There":[21],"are":[22,149],"various":[23,119],"DL":[24,44,95],"techniques":[25,45,109],"detect":[27,114],"URLs,":[29],"choosing":[31],"suitable":[33],"algorithm":[34],"affecting":[36],"model":[38,221],"formed":[39],"very":[41],"important.":[42],"Wrong-choosing":[43],"might":[46],"lead":[47],"low":[49],"maturity":[50],"produce":[52],"bias.":[53],"trained":[55],"model\u2019s":[56],"performance":[57,245],"accuracy":[59,247],"would":[60],"also":[61,253],"be":[62],"unsatisfactory":[63],"if":[64],"wrong":[66],"algorithms":[67,96],"methods":[69],"were":[70],"used.":[71],"It":[72],"often":[73],"happens":[74],"when":[75],"attackers":[77],"change":[78],"their":[79,181],"strategies":[81],"frequently":[82],"target":[84],"system\u2019s":[86],"weaknesses":[87],"users\u2019":[89],"naivety.":[90],"robust":[92],"characteristics":[93],"have":[97,110],"led":[98],"researchers":[100],"develop":[102],"several":[103],"mitigation":[106],"strategies.":[107],"been":[111],"used":[112],"by":[117],"using":[118],"features":[121,130],"like":[122],"length,":[124],"domain,":[126],"other":[128],"known":[129],"further":[132,189],"incorporating":[133],"new":[135],"features.":[136],"From":[137],"perspective":[139],"Natural":[142],"Language":[143],"Processing":[144],"(NLP)":[145],"technique":[146],"perspective,":[147],"transformers":[148,179],"models":[150],"designed":[151],"handle":[153],"sequential":[154],"text,":[155],"such":[156],"as":[157],"summarizing":[158],"translating.":[160],"One":[161],"well-known":[164],"transformers,":[165],"called":[166],"Keras":[167],"Embedding,":[168],"has":[169],"a":[170,217,223],"good":[171],"application":[172],"in":[173,183,235],"detecting":[174],"spam":[175],"emails.":[176],"As":[177,233],"proved":[180],"usage":[182],"detection,":[186],"it":[187],"hypothesized":[190],"that":[191],"URLs":[193],"can":[194],"directly":[195],"parse":[196],"out":[197],"contextual":[199],"meaning":[200],"string":[203],"identify":[205],"whether":[206],"website":[208],"benign":[210],"or":[211],"phishing.":[212],"Therefore,":[213],"this":[214],"paper":[215],"provides":[216],"detection":[220,271],"with":[222,243,263],"combination":[224],"deep":[226,264],"learning":[227,265],"natural":[229],"language":[230],"processing":[231],"methods.":[232],"shown":[234],"experiments,":[237],"result":[239],"produces":[240],"improves":[242],"high":[244],"detection.":[251],"We":[252],"examined":[254],"compared":[256],"findings":[258],"proposed":[261],"solution":[262],"only":[266],"NLP-only":[268],"approaches.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}