{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387185380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia230610","title":"Invisible Backdoor Attacks Using Data Poisoning in Frequency Domain","display_name":"Invisible Backdoor Attacks Using Data Poisoning in Frequency Domain","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387185380","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia230610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia230610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia230610","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA230610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA230610","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114860602","display_name":"Chang Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8422-8314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046057883","display_name":"Peizhuo Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2671-4314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizhuo Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072373338","display_name":"Ruigang Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8751-9918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruigang Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437976","display_name":"Kai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5624-2987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China {yuechang@iie.ac.cn, lvpeizhuo@iie.ac.cn, liangruigang@iie.ac.cn, chenkai@iie.ac.cn}","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9145,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98285334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.9985960721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6415526270866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6262842416763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4880179464817047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4427962601184845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3827223479747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08806142210960388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.9985960721969604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6415526270866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6262842416763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4880179464817047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4427962601184845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3827223479747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08806142210960388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia230610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia230610","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA230610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia230610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia230610","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA230610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5541525046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92270204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387185380.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2117876524","https://openalex.org/W2118858186","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2511730936","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2753783305","https://openalex.org/W2774423163","https://openalex.org/W2783555701","https://openalex.org/W2807363941","https://openalex.org/W2810699377","https://openalex.org/W2886009918","https://openalex.org/W2898759955","https://openalex.org/W2900018096","https://openalex.org/W2914483840","https://openalex.org/W2914712270","https://openalex.org/W2915783303","https://openalex.org/W2916360674","https://openalex.org/W2934843808","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2951611096","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2966187620","https://openalex.org/W2970335439","https://openalex.org/W2971661634","https://openalex.org/W2979693078","https://openalex.org/W2986013765","https://openalex.org/W2994720379","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3009561768","https://openalex.org/W3011696425","https://openalex.org/W3039176595","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3107337211","https://openalex.org/W3107647211","https://openalex.org/W3114686421","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3137249133","https://openalex.org/W3152758407","https://openalex.org/W3155932293","https://openalex.org/W3165705900","https://openalex.org/W3166049810","https://openalex.org/W3175582404","https://openalex.org/W3189812816","https://openalex.org/W3197818647","https://openalex.org/W3205635414","https://openalex.org/W3215055455","https://openalex.org/W3215689752","https://openalex.org/W4285580150","https://openalex.org/W4286979592","https://openalex.org/W4287117242","https://openalex.org/W4289300166","https://openalex.org/W4299123578","https://openalex.org/W4312280786","https://openalex.org/W4312569687","https://openalex.org/W4312768002","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6700903540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backdoor":[0],"attacks":[1,32,74],"have":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,29,46,103,148],"significant":[5,159],"threat":[6],"to":[7,50],"deep":[8],"neural":[9],"networks":[10],"(DNNs),":[11],"whereby":[12],"poisoned":[13,41,115],"models":[14,59],"perform":[15],"well":[16],"on":[17,126,155,162],"benign":[18],"samples":[19,42,116],"but":[20],"produce":[21],"incorrect":[22],"outputs":[23],"when":[24],"given":[25],"specific":[26],"inputs":[27],"with":[28,45,61,67],"trigger.":[30],"These":[31],"are":[33],"usually":[34],"implemented":[35],"through":[36],"data":[37],"poisoning":[38],"by":[39],"injecting":[40],"(samples":[43],"patched":[44],"trigger":[47,83],"and":[48,57,77,85,130,136,165],"mislabelled":[49],"the":[51,55,58,68,81,114,119],"target":[52],"label)":[53],"into":[54],"dataset,":[56],"trained":[60],"that":[62,108,144],"dataset":[63],"will":[64],"be":[65],"infected":[66],"backdoor.":[69],"However,":[70],"most":[71],"current":[72],"backdoor":[73,91,105,110],"lack":[75],"stealthiness":[76],"robustness":[78],"because":[79],"of":[80],"fixed":[82],"patterns":[84],"mislabelling,":[86],"which":[87],"humans":[88],"or":[89,117],"some":[90],"defense":[92,169],"approach":[93,125,146],"can":[94],"easily":[95],"detect.":[96],"To":[97],"address":[98],"this":[99],"issue,":[100],"we":[101],"propose":[102],"frequency-domain-based":[104],"attack":[106,150],"method":[107],"implements":[109],"implantation":[111],"without":[112,158],"mislabeling":[113],"accessing":[118],"training":[120],"process.":[121],"We":[122],"evaluated":[123],"our":[124,145],"four":[127],"benchmark":[128],"datasets":[129],"two":[131],"popular":[132],"scenarios:":[133],"no-label":[134],"self-supervised":[135],"clean-label":[137],"supervised":[138],"learning.":[139],"The":[140],"experimental":[141],"results":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"achieved":[147],"high":[149],"success":[151],"rate":[152],"(above":[153],"90%)":[154],"all":[156],"tasks":[157,164],"performance":[160],"degradation":[161],"main":[163],"robust":[166],"against":[167],"mainstream":[168],"approaches.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}