{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311978971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220477","title":"Multi-Granularity Argument Mining in Legal Texts","display_name":"Multi-Granularity Argument Mining in Legal Texts","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311978971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220477","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220477","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056859714","display_name":"Huihui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-2795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huihui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh","Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664770","display_name":"Kevin D. Ashley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-0759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Ashley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh","Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh","School of Law, University of Pittsburgh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, University of Pittsburgh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056859714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I4210105785"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.9376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9953923,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.9216026067733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.7399325370788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7068058252334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.6637253761291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6529715061187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.629408061504364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.49587711691856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.470980167388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45325997471809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3097638189792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15653932094573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08547371625900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08310043811798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07422560453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06361719965934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.9216026067733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.7399325370788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7068058252334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.6637253761291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6529715061187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.629408061504364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49587711691856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.470980167388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45325997471809387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3097638189792633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15653932094573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08547371625900269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08310043811798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07422560453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06361719965934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220477","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220477","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220477","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1370689234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2117681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","funder_display_name":"University of Pittsburgh"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2978685710","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2040490","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3384453195","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2117681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333934","funder_display_name":"Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5593089889","display_name":"MRI: Acquisition of Cutting-Edge GPU and MPI Nodes for the Interdisciplinary Pitt Center for Research Computing","funder_award_id":"2117681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5626381280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2117681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333934","display_name":"Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311978971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311978971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199384682","https://openalex.org/W1511963917","https://openalex.org/W1534656862","https://openalex.org/W1623072288","https://openalex.org/W1850244517","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1977155386","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2085266938","https://openalex.org/W2119707623","https://openalex.org/W2145948275","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2759858869","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2976444281","https://openalex.org/W2979666134","https://openalex.org/W2996944542","https://openalex.org/W3015468748","https://openalex.org/W3185808704","https://openalex.org/W4200146041","https://openalex.org/W4287208198","https://openalex.org/W4287854630","https://openalex.org/W4297632086","https://openalex.org/W6631982911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2931688134","https://openalex.org/W2377919138","https://openalex.org/W2378857091","https://openalex.org/W4256502920","https://openalex.org/W103652678","https://openalex.org/W2999756192","https://openalex.org/W4226090359","https://openalex.org/W4382701072","https://openalex.org/W2011624601","https://openalex.org/W2975817033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,24],"this":[1,25],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,27],"explore":[4],"legal":[5,55,72],"argument":[6,29,56],"mining":[7,14,30],"using":[8],"multiple":[9],"levels":[10],"of":[11,90],"granularity.":[12],"Argument":[13],"has":[15],"usually":[16],"been":[17],"conceptualized":[18],"as":[19,31],"a":[20,32,40,87],"sentence":[21],"classification":[22,36,52,65],"problem.":[23,37],"work,":[26],"conceptualize":[28],"token-level":[33,50],"(i.e.,":[34],"word-level)":[35],"We":[38],"use":[39],"Longformer":[41],"model":[42,82],"to":[43,70,75],"classify":[44],"the":[45,81],"tokens.":[46],"Results":[47],"show":[48],"that":[49],"text":[51,62],"identifies":[53],"certain":[54],"elements":[57],"more":[58,77],"accurately":[59],"than":[60],"sentence-level":[61],"classification.":[63],"Token-level":[64],"also":[66],"provides":[67],"greater":[68],"flexibility":[69],"analyze":[71],"texts":[73],"and":[74],"gain":[76],"insight":[78],"into":[79],"what":[80],"focuses":[83],"on":[84],"when":[85],"processing":[86],"large":[88],"amount":[89],"input":[91],"data.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}