{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311978799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220448","title":"Toward Automatically Identifying Legally Relevant Factors","display_name":"Toward Automatically Identifying Legally Relevant Factors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311978799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220448"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220448","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220448","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054416207","display_name":"Morgan Gray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Gray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077762937","display_name":"Jarom\u00edr \u0160avelka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaromir Savelka","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071716564","display_name":"Wesley M. Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3873-8479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165102784","display_name":"Duquesne University","ror":"https://ror.org/02336z538","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Duquesne University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Duquesne University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165102784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664770","display_name":"Kevin D. Ashley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-0759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105785","display_name":"Intelligent Systems Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01reevc91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Ashley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, USA","School of Law, University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105785","https://openalex.org/I170201317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054416207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317","https://openalex.org/I4210105785"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.8941,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99597383,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9578999876976013,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9010999798774719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/officer","display_name":"Officer","score":0.6710334420204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5737079977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-case","display_name":"Legal case","score":0.44763314723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4438869059085846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4051416516304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38036462664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3587408661842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32154905796051025}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.6710334420204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5737079977989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334719","display_name":"Legal case","level":2,"score":0.44763314723968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4438869059085846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4051416516304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38036462664604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3587408661842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32154905796051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220448","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia220448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia220448","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA220448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311978799.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311978799.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199384682","https://openalex.org/W201491847","https://openalex.org/W2050223480","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2117781069","https://openalex.org/W2134211747","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2620701673","https://openalex.org/W2782956245","https://openalex.org/W2907105998","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2973832122","https://openalex.org/W2985900875","https://openalex.org/W3037404357","https://openalex.org/W6779873400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2339355357","https://openalex.org/W3004868234","https://openalex.org/W3164307261","https://openalex.org/W2806041955","https://openalex.org/W4226298525","https://openalex.org/W2355215981","https://openalex.org/W2725851296","https://openalex.org/W4225756839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"making":[1],"legal":[2,101,122],"decisions,":[3],"courts":[4,83],"apply":[5,84],"relevant":[6],"law":[7,12],"to":[8,22,110,115],"facts.":[9],"While":[10],"the":[11,62,117],"typically":[13],"changes":[14],"slowly":[15],"over":[16],"time,":[17],"facts":[18],"vary":[19],"from":[20],"case":[21],"case.":[23],"Nevertheless,":[24],"underlying":[25,35,71],"patterns":[26,37,72,94],"of":[27,61,70,73,78],"fact":[28,36,93],"may":[29],"emerge.":[30],"This":[31],"research":[32],"focuses":[33],"on":[34],"commonly":[38],"present":[39,67],"in":[40,85,100,119],"cases":[41,102],"where":[42],"motorists":[43],"are":[44],"stopped":[45],"for":[46,64],"a":[47,54,58,68,112],"traffic":[48],"violation":[49],"and":[50,82,98,103],"subsequently":[51],"detained":[52],"while":[53],"police":[55,81],"officer":[56],"conducts":[57],"canine":[59],"sniff":[60],"vehicle":[63],"drugs.":[65],"We":[66,89],"set":[69],"fact,":[74],"that":[75,80],"is,":[76],"factors":[77,118],"suspicion,":[79],"determining":[86],"reasonable":[87],"suspicion.":[88],"demonstrate":[90],"how":[91,104],"these":[92,105],"can":[95,107],"be":[96,108],"identified":[97],"annotated":[99],"annotations":[106],"employed":[109],"fine-tune":[111],"transformer":[113],"model":[114],"identify":[116],"previously":[120],"unseen":[121],"opinions.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
