{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205746631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210369","title":"Semantic Analysis of Winograd Schema No. 1","display_name":"Semantic Analysis of Winograd Schema No. 1","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205746631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia210369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210369","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA210369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA210369","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000685042","display_name":"Brandon Bennett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5020-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000685042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2996101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548121213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronoun","display_name":"Pronoun","score":0.6763335466384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6455492377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.54600989818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5252503752708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"Natural language understanding","score":0.524066686630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5103885531425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.49416759610176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4831078052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4552856385707855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.34286242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.33037418127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.2659875154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10320785641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09041929244995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08507797122001648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548121213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778551981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36224","display_name":"Pronoun","level":2,"score":0.6763335466384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6455492377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.54600989818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5252503752708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.524066686630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5103885531425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.49416759610176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4831078052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4552856385707855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.34286242723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.33037418127059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2659875154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10320785641670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09041929244995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08507797122001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia210369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210369","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA210369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:216030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia210369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210369","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA210369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205746631.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205746631.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503071992","https://openalex.org/W1549997466","https://openalex.org/W1599016936","https://openalex.org/W1752492850","https://openalex.org/W1991145433","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2098851836","https://openalex.org/W2155923110","https://openalex.org/W2251158365","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2291406294","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2945290257","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970946372","https://openalex.org/W2996908057","https://openalex.org/W3004346089","https://openalex.org/W3088842588","https://openalex.org/W3106919798","https://openalex.org/W3115587447","https://openalex.org/W4230553559","https://openalex.org/W4240306407","https://openalex.org/W6632883815","https://openalex.org/W6683277913","https://openalex.org/W6785957289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367925007","https://openalex.org/W3015724364","https://openalex.org/W4288263119","https://openalex.org/W2967994095","https://openalex.org/W2900126711","https://openalex.org/W4285240985","https://openalex.org/W4225162083","https://openalex.org/W2542958340","https://openalex.org/W3202115945","https://openalex.org/W4286930972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61],"Winograd":[1,25],"Schema":[2],"Challenge":[3],"is":[4,78,110],"a":[5,39,67,129,145,169],"general":[6],"test":[7],"for":[8,81],"Artificial":[9],"Intelligence,":[10],"based":[11],"on":[12,28],"problems":[13],"of":[14,24,75,88,108,118,125,168],"pronoun":[15,153],"reference":[16],"resolution.":[17],"I":[18,113,137],"investigate":[19],"the":[20,29,64,71,79,86,123],"semantics":[21],"and":[22,31,73,97,127,161],"interpretation":[23,72,107],"Schemas,":[26],"concentrating":[27],"original":[30],"most":[32],"famous":[33],"example.":[34,60],"This":[35,83],"study":[36],"suggests":[37],"that":[38,66,101,115,132,140,164],"rich":[40],"ontology,":[41],"detailed":[42],"commonsense":[43],"knowledge":[44],"as":[45,47],"well":[46],"special":[48],"purpose":[49],"inference":[50],"mechanisms":[51],"are":[52,102],"all":[53],"required":[54,103],"to":[55,92,104],"resolve":[56],"just":[57],"this":[58],"one":[59],"analysis":[62],"supports":[63],"view":[65],"key":[68,130],"factor":[69],"in":[70,90,150,157],"disambiguation":[74],"natural":[76,134],"language":[77,135],"preference":[80,84],"coherence.":[82],"guides":[85],"resolution":[87],"co-reference":[89],"relation":[91],"both":[93],"explicitly":[94],"mentioned":[95],"entities":[96,100,120,160],"also":[98,138,156],"implicit":[99,119,159],"form":[105],"an":[106],"what":[109],"being":[111],"described.":[112],"suggest":[114],"assumed":[116],"identity":[117],"arises":[121],"from":[122],"expectation":[124],"coherence":[126],"provides":[128],"mechanism":[131],"underpins":[133],"understanding.":[136],"argue":[139],"conceptual":[141],"ontologies":[142],"can":[143],"play":[144],"decisive":[146],"role":[147],"not":[148],"only":[149],"directly":[151],"determining":[152],"references":[154],"but":[155],"identifying":[158],"implied":[162],"relationships":[163],"bind":[165],"together":[166],"components":[167],"sentence.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
