{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206609825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210356","title":"Chapter 9. Spike-Based Symbolic Computations on Bit Strings and Numbers","display_name":"Chapter 9. Spike-Based Symbolic Computations on Bit Strings and Numbers","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206609825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210356"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia210356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034282299","display_name":"Ceca Krai\u0161nikovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0906-920X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ceca Krai\u0161nikovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043339871","display_name":"Wolfgang Maass","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-087X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Maass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045622873","display_name":"Robert Legenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-5507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Legenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Theoretical Computer Science, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 16b, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38594828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.7865759134292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.7614487409591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7593944668769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7010922431945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5996898412704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.597968339920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/models-of-neural-computation","display_name":"Models of neural computation","score":0.5729402303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-computation","display_name":"Symbolic computation","score":0.5260940790176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.45959529280662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37493976950645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23102986812591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11338520050048828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.7865759134292603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.7614487409591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7593944668769836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7010922431945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5996898412704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.597968339920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3832189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8588916","display_name":"Models of neural computation","level":3,"score":0.5729402303695679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110812573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175515","display_name":"Symbolic computation","level":2,"score":0.5260940790176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.45959529280662537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37493976950645447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23102986812591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11338520050048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia210356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia210356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036270242","https://openalex.org/W2756276189","https://openalex.org/W2542565870","https://openalex.org/W3089892344","https://openalex.org/W4297889476","https://openalex.org/W3081559266","https://openalex.org/W3160415743","https://openalex.org/W3208975838","https://openalex.org/W4297619707","https://openalex.org/W4366734344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,67,120],"brain":[1],"uses":[2],"recurrent":[3],"spiking":[4,44],"neural":[5,45,85,105],"networks":[6,46,69,86,106],"for":[7,101,128],"higher":[8],"cognitive":[9],"functions":[10],"such":[11,59],"as":[12,143],"symbolic":[13,28,49,102,115,148],"computations,":[14],"in":[15,71,104,117,154],"particular,":[16],"mathematical":[17],"computations.":[18],"We":[19],"review":[20],"the":[21,112,118,126],"current":[22],"state":[23],"of":[24,30,114],"research":[25],"on":[26,51],"spike-based":[27,122,155],"computations":[29,50,60,116],"this":[31],"type.":[32],"In":[33],"addition,":[34],"we":[35,95],"present":[36],"new":[37,99],"results":[38,139],"which":[39],"show":[40],"that":[41,107],"surprisingly":[42],"small":[43],"can":[47,140],"perform":[48],"bit":[52],"sequences":[53],"and":[54,56],"numbers":[55],"even":[57],"learn":[58],"using":[61],"a":[62,72,98,145],"biologically":[63],"plausible":[64],"learning":[65],"rule.":[66],"resulting":[68],"operate":[70],"rather":[73],"low":[74],"firing":[75,92],"rate":[76],"regime,":[77],"where":[78],"they":[79],"could":[80],"not":[81],"simply":[82],"emulate":[83],"artificial":[84,149],"by":[87],"encoding":[88],"continuous":[89],"values":[90],"through":[91],"rates.":[93],"Thus,":[94],"propose":[96],"here":[97],"paradigm":[100],"computation":[103],"provides":[108],"concrete":[109],"hypotheses":[110],"about":[111],"organization":[113],"brain.":[119],"employed":[121],"network":[123],"models":[124],"are":[125],"basis":[127],"drastically":[129],"more":[130],"energy-efficient":[131,152],"computer":[132],"hardware":[133],"\u2013":[134],"neuromorphic":[135,156],"hardware.":[136,157],"Hence,":[137],"our":[138],"be":[141],"seen":[142],"creating":[144],"bridge":[146],"from":[147],"intelligence":[150],"to":[151],"implementation":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}