{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3108276474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200854","title":"A Genetic Approach to the Ethical Knob","display_name":"A Genetic Approach to the Ethical Knob","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3108276474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200854","mag":"3108276474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200854","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007121933","display_name":"Giovanni Iacca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-1830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Iacca","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Trento"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Trento","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078176771","display_name":"Francesca Lagioia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7083-3487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Lagioia","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID \u2013 Alma AI, University of Bologna, Italy","European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID \u2013 Alma AI, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029045409","display_name":"Andrea Loreggia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9846-0157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Loreggia","raw_affiliation_strings":["European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084837357","display_name":"Giovanni Sartor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2210-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","display_name":"European University Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0031wrj91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Sartor","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIRSFID \u2013 Alma AI, University of Bologna, Italy","European University Institute, Florence, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIRSFID \u2013 Alma AI, University of Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European University Institute, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007121933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7808,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77605839,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6446655988693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aside","display_name":"Aside","score":0.6176912188529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5488085746765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5381584763526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5044788122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.48558467626571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.47012555599212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.425582617521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.35682040452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32395297288894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3082982301712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3065146803855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27764758467674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.24350449442863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12079194188117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.10273751616477966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6446655988693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778120072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858150","display_name":"Aside","level":2,"score":0.6176912188529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5488085746765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5381584763526917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5044788122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.48558467626571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47012555599212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.425582617521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35682040452957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32395297288894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3082982301712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3065146803855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27764758467674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.24350449442863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12079194188117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.10273751616477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200854","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/284913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/284913","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA200854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cadmus.eui.eu:1814/76628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1814/76628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196422","display_name":"Cadmus - EUI Research Repository (European University Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I874792244","host_organization_name":"European University Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I874792244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/818391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/volumearticle/56167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/550956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/550956","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200854","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200854","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108276474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3108276474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198598726","https://openalex.org/W291332553","https://openalex.org/W596010401","https://openalex.org/W1452337338","https://openalex.org/W1593687854","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1866745826","https://openalex.org/W2089012547","https://openalex.org/W2163092751","https://openalex.org/W2175755790","https://openalex.org/W2462118221","https://openalex.org/W2466381818","https://openalex.org/W2593875122","https://openalex.org/W2756227927","https://openalex.org/W2803267344","https://openalex.org/W3121428554","https://openalex.org/W4237627355","https://openalex.org/W4238827160","https://openalex.org/W4320476029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099480356","https://openalex.org/W2495046216","https://openalex.org/W4253383623","https://openalex.org/W3097719757","https://openalex.org/W1965830142","https://openalex.org/W3000285944","https://openalex.org/W2206543194","https://openalex.org/W2582755533","https://openalex.org/W2626862171","https://openalex.org/W2358966299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Autonomous":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(AVs)":[3],"are":[4],"entering":[5],"shared":[6],"roads,":[7],"the":[8,29,32,103,116],"challenge":[9],"of":[10,31,105,119,128,147,155],"designing":[11],"and":[12,39,121],"implementing":[13],"a":[14,50,113,135,140,145,152],"completely":[15],"autonomous":[16],"vehicle":[17],"is":[18],"still":[19],"open.":[20],"Aside":[21],"from":[22,125],"technological":[23],"issues":[24,38],"regarding":[25],"how":[26,95],"to":[27,72,78,84,101,111,143],"manage":[28],"complexity":[30],"environment,":[33],"AVs":[34],"raise":[35],"difficult":[36],"legal":[37],"ethical":[40,117],"dilemmas,":[41],"especially":[42],"in":[43,58,109],"unavoidable":[44],"accident":[45],"scenarios.":[46],"In":[47,90],"this":[48,91,131],"context,":[49],"vast":[51],"speculation":[52],"depicting":[53],"moral":[54,86],"dilemmas":[55],"has":[56],"developed":[57],"recent":[59],"years.":[60],"A":[61],"new":[62],"perspective":[63],"was":[64],"proposed:":[65],"an":[66,96],"\u201cEthical":[67,107],"Knob\u201d":[68,108],"(EK),":[69],"enabling":[70],"passengers":[71,120],"ethically":[73],"customise":[74],"their":[75],"AVs,":[76],"namely,":[77],"choose":[79],"between":[80,115],"different":[81,85],"settings":[82],"corresponding":[83],"approaches":[87],"or":[88],"principles.":[89],"contribution":[92],"we":[93,133],"explore":[94],"AV":[97],"can":[98],"automatically":[99],"learn":[100],"determine":[102],"value":[104],"its":[106],"order":[110],"achieve":[112],"trade-off":[114],"preferences":[118],"social":[122],"values,":[123],"learning":[124],"experienced":[126],"instances":[127],"collision.":[129],"To":[130],"end,":[132],"propose":[134],"novel":[136],"approach":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"genetic":[141],"algorithm":[142],"optimize":[144],"population":[146],"neural":[148],"networks.":[149],"We":[150],"report":[151],"detailed":[153],"description":[154],"simulation":[156],"experiments":[157],"as":[158,160],"well":[159],"possible":[161],"applications.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00"}
