{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3101587977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200717","title":"Exploring the Potential of GPT-2 for Generating Fake Reviews of Research Papers","display_name":"Exploring the Potential of GPT-2 for Generating Fake Reviews of Research Papers","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3101587977","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200717","mag":"3101587977"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200717","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200717","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019727872","display_name":"Alberto Bartoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4132-416X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Bartoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074055647","display_name":"Eric Medvet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-2113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","display_name":"University of Trieste","ror":"https://ror.org/02n742c10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Medvet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019727872"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3752,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84851645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9477999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credibility","display_name":"Credibility","score":0.7630351781845093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6946681141853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6459892988204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/craft","display_name":"Craft","score":0.5626118779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-generation","display_name":"Natural language generation","score":0.5209859013557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5168195366859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.43146276473999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4184091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.41129860281944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3324083983898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.33114954829216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16398125886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.06396463513374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.0634324848651886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.7630351781845093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6946681141853333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6459892988204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779732396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207288","display_name":"Craft","level":2,"score":0.5626118779182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.5209859013557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5168195366859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.43146276473999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4184091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.41129860281944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3324083983898163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.33114954829216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16398125886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.06396463513374329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0634324848651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200717","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/2975438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA200717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400480","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/faia200717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia200717","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/FAIA200717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201731","display_name":"Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications","issn_l":"0922-6389","issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3101587977.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3101587977.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973797065","https://openalex.org/W2251165062","https://openalex.org/W2507350555","https://openalex.org/W2514944726","https://openalex.org/W2592437185","https://openalex.org/W2602288119","https://openalex.org/W2745486941","https://openalex.org/W2798441907","https://openalex.org/W2914397182","https://openalex.org/W2964211782","https://openalex.org/W2992347006","https://openalex.org/W4292779060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550112646","https://openalex.org/W3034800807","https://openalex.org/W2068993538","https://openalex.org/W2294819745","https://openalex.org/W2104232660","https://openalex.org/W4287758468","https://openalex.org/W3035130722","https://openalex.org/W1599620240","https://openalex.org/W2785745562","https://openalex.org/W3037674696"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"tools":[1,89],"for":[2,22,57,90,115],"natural":[3,91],"language":[4,92],"generation":[5,17],"may":[6,132],"enable":[7,60],"novel":[8],"forms":[9,62],"of":[10,18,26,36,44,51,63,82,119],"scholarly":[11],"fraud":[12],"based":[13,128],"on":[14,129],"the":[15,33,42,95,117,142],"automatic":[16],"fake":[19,105,130],"review":[20],"reports":[21,54],"academic":[23,126],"papers,":[24],"i.e.,":[25],"a":[27,37,76,111],"few":[28],"sentences":[29],"broadly":[30],"related":[31],"to":[32,87,103,138],"textual":[34],"content":[35],"submission":[38],"and":[39,56,68,85,136],"written":[40],"with":[41,75],"style":[43],"an":[45],"anonymous":[46],"reviewer.":[47],"A":[48],"tool":[49],"capable":[50],"generating":[52],"such":[53],"automatically":[55],"free":[58],"could":[59],"various":[61],"unethical":[64],"behavior":[65],"by":[66],"publishers":[67],"researchers.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"work":[72],"we":[73],"experiment":[74],"simple":[77],"heuristic":[78],"that":[79,125],"makes":[80],"use":[81,88],"widely":[83],"available":[84],"easy":[86],"generation,":[93],"including":[94],"Generative":[96],"Pretrained":[97],"Transformer":[98],"2":[99],"(GPT-2),":[100],"in":[101,141],"order":[102],"craft":[104],"reviews":[106,131],"automatically.":[107],"We":[108],"also":[109],"perform":[110],"small":[112],"user":[113],"study":[114],"assessing":[116],"credibility":[118],"those":[120],"reviews.":[121],"Our":[122],"analysis":[123],"suggests":[124],"frauds":[127],"indeed":[133],"be":[134,139],"feasible":[135],"ready":[137],"deployed":[140],"wild.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T08:30:34.212998","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
