{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211140400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-220264","title":"GFO: The General Formal Ontology","display_name":"GFO: The General Formal Ontology","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211140400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-220264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ao-220264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-220264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020824094","display_name":"Frank Loebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4537-5212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926574661","display_name":"Leipzig University","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank Loebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leipzig","Computer Science Institute, University of Leipzig, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leipzig","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Institute, University of Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087160134","display_name":"Patryk Burek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-0272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174183983","display_name":"Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University","ror":"https://ror.org/015h0qg34","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174183983"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patryk Burek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maria\u00a0Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University","Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria\u00a0Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Lublin, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maria\u00a0Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174183983"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria\u00a0Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174183983","https://openalex.org/I4210087266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020087024","display_name":"Heinrich Herre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5343-9218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I926574661","display_name":"Leipzig University","ror":"https://ror.org/03s7gtk40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinrich Herre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leipzig","Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leipzig","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020824094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I926574661"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8632267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"71","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12881","display_name":"linguistics and terminology studies","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8160399198532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-ontology","display_name":"Formal ontology","score":0.8080809712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.7935458421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.6453347206115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.523402988910675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-ontology","display_name":"Process ontology","score":0.5064519643783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.48330235481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4811212122440338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4708009958267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4688469171524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.46296975016593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4568711817264557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-components","display_name":"Ontology components","score":0.42966681718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.41592690348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3851715922355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-alignment","display_name":"Ontology alignment","score":0.3271350860595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.23062214255332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1255309283733368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.11760419607162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07818841934204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07580205798149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07349088788032532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8160399198532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778177438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437388","display_name":"Formal ontology","level":4,"score":0.8080809712409973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.7935458421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.6453347206115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.523402988910675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137003198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247296","display_name":"Process ontology","level":3,"score":0.5064519643783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.48330235481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4811212122440338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4708009958267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4688469171524048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.46296975016593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4568711817264557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154210476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7095057","display_name":"Ontology components","level":5,"score":0.42966681718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41592690348625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3851715922355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98893333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4339878","display_name":"Ontology alignment","level":4,"score":0.3271350860595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.23062214255332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1255309283733368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.11760419607162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07818841934204102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07580205798149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07349088788032532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/ao-220264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-220264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18038509","https://openalex.org/W102398446","https://openalex.org/W156592512","https://openalex.org/W635409427","https://openalex.org/W1480749976","https://openalex.org/W1490101767","https://openalex.org/W1516237339","https://openalex.org/W1529648335","https://openalex.org/W1562240463","https://openalex.org/W1566827983","https://openalex.org/W1571433676","https://openalex.org/W1606910296","https://openalex.org/W1923002222","https://openalex.org/W2044925046","https://openalex.org/W2066673989","https://openalex.org/W2113142309","https://openalex.org/W2121939662","https://openalex.org/W2136741161","https://openalex.org/W2137079713","https://openalex.org/W2146871965","https://openalex.org/W2162008489","https://openalex.org/W2460787798","https://openalex.org/W2752417653","https://openalex.org/W2757007514","https://openalex.org/W2762472790","https://openalex.org/W2894794416","https://openalex.org/W2940627813","https://openalex.org/W2947363182","https://openalex.org/W2980482567","https://openalex.org/W2981145597","https://openalex.org/W3003205183","https://openalex.org/W3022826578","https://openalex.org/W3089912651","https://openalex.org/W3095728591","https://openalex.org/W3097529574","https://openalex.org/W3136285069","https://openalex.org/W3194691699","https://openalex.org/W3204885231","https://openalex.org/W4229495901","https://openalex.org/W4244319301","https://openalex.org/W4253481632","https://openalex.org/W4407879344","https://openalex.org/W6632480367","https://openalex.org/W6634811075","https://openalex.org/W6635245131","https://openalex.org/W6678289719","https://openalex.org/W6773194011","https://openalex.org/W6804239190","https://openalex.org/W6912992434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732632690","https://openalex.org/W4206428734","https://openalex.org/W2012420033","https://openalex.org/W274732444","https://openalex.org/W2223008607","https://openalex.org/W1794266373","https://openalex.org/W2150375996","https://openalex.org/W2880016459","https://openalex.org/W4248726527","https://openalex.org/W2138664789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,156],"General":[1],"Formal":[2],"Ontology":[3],"(GFO)":[4],"is":[5,10,46,74],"a":[6,47,56,60,199],"top-level":[7,48],"ontology":[8,49,83,166],"that":[9,50,62,99,220],"being":[11],"developed":[12],"at":[13],"the":[14,24,28,103,111,114,138,152,165,204],"University":[15],"of":[16,23,27,34,41,72,98,105,113,122,140,154,158,196,208],"Leipzig":[17],"since":[18],"1999.":[19],"Besides":[20],"introducing":[21],"some":[22],"basic":[25],"principles":[26],"ontology,":[29],"we":[30,145],"expound":[31],"axiomatic":[32],"fragments":[33],"its":[35,75,88],"formalization":[36],"and":[37,53,84,107,127,129,135,177,181,190,192,206],"present":[38],"ontological":[39,133],"models":[40],"several":[42,120,132,168],"use":[43,149,221],"cases.":[44],"GFO":[45,73,118,222],"integrates":[51],"objects":[52,176,189],"processes":[54],"into":[55,82,163],"unified":[57],"framework,":[58],"in":[59,91,223],"way":[61],"differs":[63],"significantly":[64],"from":[65,102,151],"other":[66],"ontologies.":[67],"Another":[68],"unique":[69],"selling":[70],"feature":[71],"meta-ontological":[76],"architecture,":[77],"which":[78,85,109],"includes":[79],"set":[80],"theory":[81],"accounts":[86],"for":[87],"specific":[89],"role":[90],"common":[92],"representation":[93],"approaches.":[94],"second":[96],"level":[97],"architecture":[100],"starts":[101],"distinction":[104],"categories":[106],"individuals,":[108],"forms":[110],"backbone":[112],"world\u2019s":[115],"structure.":[116],"Furthermore,":[117],"comprises":[119],"kinds":[121],"categories,":[123],"among":[124],"them":[125],"universals":[126],"concepts,":[128],"it":[130],"considers":[131],"regions":[134],"levels.":[136],"In":[137],"context":[139],"this":[141,173],"special":[142],"issue":[143],"paper,":[144],"study":[146],"five":[147],"pre-determined":[148],"cases":[150],"perspective":[153],"GFO.":[155],"results":[157],"these":[159],"analyses":[160],"yield":[161],"insights":[162],"how":[164],"treats":[167],"important":[169],"notions.":[170],"Very":[171],"abridged,":[172],"covers":[174],"material":[175],"their":[178,186,193],"composition;":[179],"roles":[180],"social":[182],"entities;":[183],"properties":[184],"with":[185],"relations":[187],"to":[188],"processes,":[191,197],"changing;":[194],"changes":[195],"including":[198],"functional":[200],"perspective;":[201],"and,":[202],"eventually,":[203],"nature":[205],"changing":[207],"concepts":[209],"as":[210,212],"well":[211],"terminology.":[213],"A":[214],"final":[215],"part":[216],"summarizes":[217],"application":[218],"projects":[219],"various":[224],"contexts.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-08T20:05:33.558190","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
