{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2468014659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-160164","title":"Functions in Basic Formal Ontology","display_name":"Functions in Basic Formal Ontology","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2468014659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-160164","mag":"2468014659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ao-160164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-160164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/SPEFIB.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008305820","display_name":"Andrew D. Spear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-3646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8606887","display_name":"Grand Valley State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001m1hv61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8606887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew D. Spear","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philosophy Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. Tel.:\u00a0 ;\u00a0Fax:\u00a0 ;\u00a0E-mail:\u00a0speara@gvsu.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philosophy Department, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. Tel.:\u00a0 ;\u00a0Fax:\u00a0 ;\u00a0E-mail:\u00a0speara@gvsu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8606887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007545122","display_name":"Werner Ceusters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-8689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Werner Ceusters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, 77 Goodell street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. E-mail:\u00a0ceusters@buffalo.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, 77 Goodell street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA. E-mail:\u00a0ceusters@buffalo.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051216244","display_name":"Barry Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, 135 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. E-mail:\u00a0phismith@buffalo.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, 135 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. E-mail:\u00a0phismith@buffalo.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008305820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8606887"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96382964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"103","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11063","display_name":"Rough Sets and Fuzzy Logic","score":0.9470999836921692,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8497718572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.58369380235672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-ontology","display_name":"Formal ontology","score":0.49962401390075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.441609263420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39650851488113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.38543862104415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3341827690601349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-ontology","display_name":"Upper ontology","score":0.281119704246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-web","display_name":"Semantic Web","score":0.1384601593017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.11769276857376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07816100120544434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8497718572616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.58369380235672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778177438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437388","display_name":"Formal ontology","level":4,"score":0.49962401390075684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.441609263420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39650851488113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.38543862104415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3341827690601349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78726541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3882785","display_name":"Upper ontology","level":3,"score":0.281119704246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2129575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54837","display_name":"Semantic Web","level":2,"score":0.1384601593017578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.11769276857376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07816100120544434}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/ao-160164","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ao-160164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S31619775","display_name":"Applied Ontology","issn_l":"1570-5838","issn":["1570-5838","1875-8533"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Ontology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/SPEFIB","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/SPEFIB","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/SPEFIB.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/SPEFIB","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/SPEFIB","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402131","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/SPEFIB","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/SPEFIB","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/SPEFIB.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2468014659.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2468014659.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3608534","https://openalex.org/W69863416","https://openalex.org/W85153834","https://openalex.org/W405049870","https://openalex.org/W419665342","https://openalex.org/W655616515","https://openalex.org/W1483549564","https://openalex.org/W1488660199","https://openalex.org/W1512036063","https://openalex.org/W1512237458","https://openalex.org/W1518497554","https://openalex.org/W1555643513","https://openalex.org/W1569162218","https://openalex.org/W1570639629","https://openalex.org/W1574496698","https://openalex.org/W1584920342","https://openalex.org/W1586732173","https://openalex.org/W1605258433","https://openalex.org/W1628054318","https://openalex.org/W1641078044","https://openalex.org/W1802346448","https://openalex.org/W1819479198","https://openalex.org/W1976503823","https://openalex.org/W1978246972","https://openalex.org/W1979248081","https://openalex.org/W1981625432","https://openalex.org/W1984712473","https://openalex.org/W1985668563","https://openalex.org/W2049161578","https://openalex.org/W2051515965","https://openalex.org/W2075922286","https://openalex.org/W2087709756","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2103260426","https://openalex.org/W2104011458","https://openalex.org/W2113142309","https://openalex.org/W2150432840","https://openalex.org/W2151579561","https://openalex.org/W2163670493","https://openalex.org/W2169108009","https://openalex.org/W2181836429","https://openalex.org/W2401583007","https://openalex.org/W2498520064","https://openalex.org/W2587831103","https://openalex.org/W2798650415","https://openalex.org/W2914205435","https://openalex.org/W3022037040","https://openalex.org/W3038830718","https://openalex.org/W3132758650","https://openalex.org/W4210841077","https://openalex.org/W4231079695","https://openalex.org/W4234898185","https://openalex.org/W4244372108","https://openalex.org/W4250259035","https://openalex.org/W4255254536","https://openalex.org/W6634042606","https://openalex.org/W6644947460","https://openalex.org/W6662983990","https://openalex.org/W6713187182","https://openalex.org/W6723471363","https://openalex.org/W6723787948","https://openalex.org/W6776873008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1587246512","https://openalex.org/W2146367427","https://openalex.org/W12265212","https://openalex.org/W1574496698","https://openalex.org/W16290315","https://openalex.org/W2488581006","https://openalex.org/W1994637719","https://openalex.org/W2354271852","https://openalex.org/W2913714777","https://openalex.org/W61995002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63],"notion":[1],"of":[2,9,36,39,65,78,109,115,119,127,145,154],"function":[3,106,120],"is":[4,43,88,122],"indispensable":[5],"to":[6,56,130,142],"our":[7],"understanding":[8],"distinctions":[10],"such":[11,58],"as":[12,59,107],"that":[13,121],"between":[14,25],"being":[15,18,26,29],"broken":[16],"and":[17,24,28,41,82,134,147,165],"in":[19,69,93],"working":[20],"order":[21],"(for":[22,31],"artifacts)":[23],"diseased":[27],"healthy":[30],"organisms).":[32],"A":[33],"clear":[34],"account":[35,118,138,153],"the":[37,79,91,103,116],"ontology":[38,52,71,87],"functions":[40],"functioning":[42],"thus":[44],"an":[45],"important":[46],"d":[47],"esideratum":[48],"for":[49,54,159],"any":[50],"top-level":[51,67,86],"intended":[53],"application":[55],"domains":[57],"engineering":[60],"or":[61],"medicine.":[62],"benefit":[64],"using":[66],"ontologies":[68],"applied":[70],"can":[72],"only":[73],"be":[74],"realized":[75],"when":[76],"each":[77],"categories":[80],"identified":[81],"defined":[83],"by":[84],"a":[85,94,113,125,143],"integrated":[89],"with":[90],"others":[92],"coherent":[95],"fashion.":[96],"Basic":[97],"Formal":[98],"Ontology":[99],"(BFO)":[100],"has":[101,139],"from":[102],"beginning":[104],"included":[105],"one":[108],"its":[110],"categories,":[111],"exploiting":[112],"version":[114],"etiological":[117],"framed":[123],"at":[124],"level":[126],"generality":[128],"sufficient":[129],"accommodate":[131],"both":[132],"biological":[133],"artifactual":[135],"functions.":[136],"This":[137],"been":[140],"subjected":[141],"series":[144],"criticisms":[146],"refinements.":[148],"We":[149],"here":[150],"articulate":[151],"BFO\u2019s":[152],"function,":[155],"provide":[156],"some":[157],"reasons":[158],"favoring":[160],"it":[161,167],"over":[162],"competing":[163],"views,":[164],"defend":[166],"against":[168],"objections.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}