{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171991751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aise210104","title":"Solar Powered 4-Wheel Drive Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot for Rough Terrain","display_name":"Solar Powered 4-Wheel Drive Autonomous Seed Sowing Robot for Rough Terrain","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171991751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aise210104","mag":"3171991751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/aise210104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aise210104","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/AISE210104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168452","display_name":"Ambient intelligence and smart environments","issn_l":"1875-4163","issn":["1875-4163","1875-4171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/AISE210104","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008772926","display_name":"Fawad Naseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-3630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157153078","display_name":"Beaconhouse National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e6rv013","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157153078"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I316699675","display_name":"Hodges University","ror":"https://ror.org/00s8h5d08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I316699675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]}],"countries":["PK","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fawad Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Head of Computer Science Department, Beaconhouse International College, Pakistan","Recognized Teaching Centre of University of London, 54-West Canal Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan;","Fawad Naseer, Head of Computer Science Department, Beaconhouse International College,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Head of Computer Science Department, Beaconhouse International College, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157153078"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Recognized Teaching Centre of University of London, 54-West Canal Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fawad Naseer, Head of Computer Science Department, Beaconhouse International College,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I316699675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058085403","display_name":"Akhtar Rasool","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhtar Rasool","raw_affiliation_strings":["CS Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075484876","display_name":"M. Zia Qammar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Zia Qammar","raw_affiliation_strings":["CS Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS Department, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046498764","display_name":"Rafay Shahood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157153078","display_name":"Beaconhouse National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e6rv013","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157153078"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafay Shahood","raw_affiliation_strings":["CS Department, Beaconhouse International College, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CS Department, Beaconhouse International College, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157153078"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008772926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157153078","https://openalex.org/I316699675","https://openalex.org/I4210147796"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10030071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9085999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9085999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6528660655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6060979962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.5827841758728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5210103988647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.48114335536956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.47873422503471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4680131673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-planning","display_name":"Motion planning","score":0.43733298778533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-robot","display_name":"Autonomous robot","score":0.4265051782131195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.41240304708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37617453932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29871827363967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17178478837013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16446444392204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.13627579808235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1338537037372589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6528660655021667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6060979962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5827841758728027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5210103988647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.48114335536956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.47873422503471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4680131673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.43733298778533936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778835581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916098","display_name":"Autonomous robot","level":4,"score":0.4265051782131195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41240304708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37617453932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29871827363967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17178478837013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16446444392204285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13627579808235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1338537037372589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/aise210104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aise210104","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/AISE210104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168452","display_name":"Ambient intelligence and smart environments","issn_l":"1875-4163","issn":["1875-4163","1875-4171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/aise210104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aise210104","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/AISE210104","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168452","display_name":"Ambient intelligence and smart environments","issn_l":"1875-4163","issn":["1875-4163","1875-4171"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171991751.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3171991751.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125518709","https://openalex.org/W2162156158","https://openalex.org/W2787577557","https://openalex.org/W2922322580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285089922","https://openalex.org/W2113164274","https://openalex.org/W2132444301","https://openalex.org/W1904098742","https://openalex.org/W3158921809","https://openalex.org/W1980828932","https://openalex.org/W2161428574","https://openalex.org/W2618632915","https://openalex.org/W2077416514","https://openalex.org/W2170661558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,24,31,41,47,99,118,132,151,156,164,176],"era":[2],"of":[3,23,33,43,74,104,139,178,186,190,198],"fourth":[4],"industrial":[5],"revolution,":[6],"automation":[7],"is":[8,21,36],"a":[9,37,105,121,161,171,187],"growing":[10],"trend":[11],"in":[12,18,120],"almost":[13],"every":[14],"industry.":[15],"The":[16,125],"innovation":[17],"agriculture":[19],"equipment":[20,52],"one":[22],"major":[25],"phase":[26],"for":[27,53,56],"civilized":[28],"life,":[29],"and":[30,51,80,89,102,163,183,193],"development":[32],"agricultural":[34],"tools":[35],"fundamental":[38],"need":[39],"towards":[40],"improvement":[42],"agriculture.":[44],"Farmers":[45],"use":[46],"same":[48],"traditional":[49],"methods":[50],"all":[54],"ages,":[55],"example:":[57],"seeds,":[58],"spraying,":[59],"weeding,":[60],"etc.,":[61],"which":[62,111],"have":[63],"problems":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"slow":[67],"growth":[68],"rate,":[69],"irrigation,":[70],"fertilization,":[71],"crop":[72],"monitoring":[73],"large":[75],"areas.":[76],"An":[77],"autonomous,":[78],"low-maintenance":[79],"portable":[81],"robot":[82,110,126,162,174],"can":[83],"serve":[84],"this":[85],"purpose":[86],"more":[87],"accurately":[88],"efficiently":[90],"with":[91],"much":[92],"better":[93],"performance":[94],"output.":[95],"This":[96,153,173],"article":[97,154],"introduces":[98],"proposed":[100],"model":[101],"design":[103],"solar":[106],"powered":[107],"4-wheel":[108],"drive":[109],"works":[112],"to":[113,136,166],"plant":[114],"seeds":[115,140,199],"while":[116],"cultivating":[117],"soil":[119],"multi":[122],"terrain":[123],"surface.":[124],"avoids":[127],"human":[128],"effort":[129],"ranging":[130],"from":[131],"field":[133,146],"path":[134],"following":[135],"uniformly":[137],"sowing":[138],"at":[141],"equal":[142],"distance":[143],"intervals":[144],"using":[145],"area":[147],"constraints":[148],"prescribed":[149],"by":[150,158,180],"farmer.":[152],"presents":[155],"step":[157],"steps":[159],"designing":[160],"parameters":[165],"be":[167],"considered":[168],"before":[169],"creating":[170],"prototype.":[172],"increases":[175],"efficiency":[177],"seeding":[179],"exact":[181],"measurement":[182],"distance,":[184],"flattening":[185],"surface,":[188],"spraying":[189],"initial":[191],"water,":[192],"also":[194],"reduces":[195],"random":[196],"spreading":[197],"problems.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}