{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1919374107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aic-2012-0524","title":"An empirical study of learning and forgetting constraints","display_name":"An empirical study of learning and forgetting constraints","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1919374107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aic-2012-0524","mag":"1919374107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/aic-2012-0524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aic-2012-0524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176303223","display_name":"AI Communications","issn_l":"0921-7126","issn":["0921-7126","1875-8452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059061177","display_name":"Ian P. Gent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-7006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ian P. Gent","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk","(Correspd. E-mail: ian.gent@st-andrews.ac.uk) School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Correspd. E-mail: ian.gent@st-andrews.ac.uk) School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051169226","display_name":"Ian Miguel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-2686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Miguel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk","School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, UK. E-mails: {ian.gent, ijm}@st-andrews.ac.uk#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016700888","display_name":"Neil C. A. Moore","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil C.A. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adobe, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. E-mail: neil@bigoh.co.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adobe, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. E-mail: neil@bigoh.co.uk","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059061177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.773,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8456852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"191","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9708999991416931,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9695000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8743900060653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.8479111194610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6516138315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5897934436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5349363684654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-consistency","display_name":"Local consistency","score":0.4487159550189972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4334985017776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.36967790126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35572439432144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32405465841293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","score":0.26332682371139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10193058848381042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07141464948654175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8743900060653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.8479111194610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6516138315200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5897934436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5349363684654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137105694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3407510","display_name":"Local consistency","level":4,"score":0.4487159550189972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4334985017776489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.36967790126800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35572439432144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32405465841293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.26332682371139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10193058848381042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07141464948654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/aic-2012-0524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/aic-2012-0524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176303223","display_name":"AI Communications","issn_l":"0921-7126","issn":["0921-7126","1875-8452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1045659609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H004092/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320278","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1245771","https://openalex.org/W27267440","https://openalex.org/W42823784","https://openalex.org/W137179583","https://openalex.org/W169256192","https://openalex.org/W189838518","https://openalex.org/W856071238","https://openalex.org/W1489444259","https://openalex.org/W1518705996","https://openalex.org/W1519724636","https://openalex.org/W1583185913","https://openalex.org/W1593966840","https://openalex.org/W1598380601","https://openalex.org/W2048051309","https://openalex.org/W2059035667","https://openalex.org/W2096307462","https://openalex.org/W2108637261","https://openalex.org/W2114231362","https://openalex.org/W2119815134","https://openalex.org/W2125336041","https://openalex.org/W2142785340","https://openalex.org/W2143934828","https://openalex.org/W2151720296","https://openalex.org/W2164279585","https://openalex.org/W2913258176","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510768092","https://openalex.org/W2611003898","https://openalex.org/W2145696022","https://openalex.org/W2171997565","https://openalex.org/W2178697489","https://openalex.org/W80602063","https://openalex.org/W3154160056","https://openalex.org/W2381224930","https://openalex.org/W2610525591","https://openalex.org/W1598652458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conflict-driven":[0],"constraint":[1,47],"learning":[2,48,132],"provides":[3],"big":[4],"gains":[5],"on":[6],"many":[7],"CSP":[8,65,133],"and":[9,14],"SAT":[10],"problems.":[11],"However,":[12],"time":[13,115],"space":[15],"costs":[16],"to":[17,32],"propagate":[18],"the":[19,42,52,59,96,128],"learned":[20],"constraints":[21,27,82,106],"can":[22,112,125],"grow":[23],"very":[24],"quickly,":[25],"so":[26],"are":[28],"often":[29],"discarded":[30],"(forgotten)":[31],"reduce":[33],"overhead.":[34],"We":[35,68],"conduct":[36],"a":[37,77],"major":[38],"empirical":[39,99],"investigation":[40],"into":[41],"overheads":[43],"introduced":[44],"by":[45,118],"unbounded":[46],"in":[49,63],"CSP.":[50],"To":[51],"best":[53],"of":[54,80,98,130],"our":[55],"knowledge,":[56],"this":[57,87],"is":[58,75,88],"first":[60,74],"published":[61],"study":[62],"either":[64],"or":[66],"SAT.":[67],"obtain":[69],"three":[70],"significant":[71,114],"results.":[72],"The":[73],"that":[76,104,107,123],"small":[78],"percentage":[79],"learnt":[81],"do":[83,108],"most":[84],"propagation.":[85],"While":[86],"conventional":[89],"wisdom,":[90],"it":[91,124],"has":[92],"not":[93],"previously":[94],"been":[95],"subject":[97],"study.":[100],"Second,":[101],"we":[102,121],"show":[103],"even":[105],"no":[109],"effective":[110],"propagation":[111],"incur":[113],"overheads.":[116],"Finally,":[117],"implementing":[119],"forgetting,":[120],"confirm":[122],"significantly":[126],"improve":[127],"performance":[129],"modern":[131],"solvers,":[134],"contradicting":[135],"some":[136],"previous":[137],"research.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}