{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2799255622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","title":"Estimating a Bias in ICD Encodings for Billing Purposes","display_name":"Estimating a Bias in ICD Encodings for Billing Purposes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2799255622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","mag":"2799255622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29677939"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083194627","display_name":"Georg Fette","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0369-3805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fette Georg","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062404338","display_name":"Markus Krug","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3563-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krug Markus","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063801902","display_name":"Mathias Kaspar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126310","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03pvr2g57","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaspar Mathias","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041149007","display_name":"Leon Liman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-1661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liman Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059686212","display_name":"Georg Dietrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2223-4786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dietrich Georg","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088009807","display_name":"M. Anton Ertl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-9444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126310","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03pvr2g57","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ertl Maximilian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055242460","display_name":"Jonathan Krebs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6925-6277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krebs Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Störk Stefan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126310","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03pvr2g57","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Störk Stefan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital of W\u00fcrzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043517672","display_name":"Frank Puppe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7106-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puppe Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"W\u00fcrzburg University, Computer Science 6","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01646151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"247","issue":null,"first_page":"141","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.734000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.734000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14400","display_name":"Medical Coding and Health Information","score":0.6395999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icd-10","display_name":"ICD-10","score":0.704086184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5663731694221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25269532203674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.08204653859138489}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781116378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45127","display_name":"ICD-10","level":2,"score":0.704086184501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5663731694221497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25269532203674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.08204653859138489}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010351","descriptor_name":"Patient Discharge","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-852-5-141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:29677939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29677939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ICD":[0,16,48,85],"encoded":[1,17],"diagnoses":[2,18,58],"are":[3,23,63,75],"a":[4,26,51,67],"popular":[5],"criterion":[6],"for":[7,10,20,45],"eligibility":[8],"algorithms":[9],"study":[11],"cohort":[12],"recruitment.":[13],"However,":[14],"\"official\"":[15],"used":[19],"billing":[21],"purposes":[22],"afflicted":[24],"with":[25,77],"bias":[27,44],"originating":[28],"from":[29],"legal":[30],"issues.":[31],"This":[32],"work":[33],"presents":[34],"an":[35],"approach":[36,88],"to":[37],"estimate":[38],"the":[39,42,46,78,87],"degree":[40],"of":[41,60],"encoding":[43],"complete":[47],"catalogue":[49],"at":[50],"German":[52],"university":[53],"hospital.":[54],"The":[55,72],"free":[56],"text":[57],"sections":[59],"discharge":[61],"letters":[62],"automatically":[64],"classified":[65,81],"using":[66],"supervised":[68],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"algorithm.":[71],"automatic":[73],"classifications":[74],"compared":[76],"official,":[79],"manually":[80],"codes.":[82],"For":[83],"selected":[84],"codes":[86],"works":[89],"sufficiently":[90],"well.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}