{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183337108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","title":"Aligning Knowledge Sources in the UMLS: Methods, Quantitative Results, and Applications","display_name":"Aligning Knowledge Sources in the UMLS: Methods, Quantitative Results, and Applications","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183337108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","mag":"2183337108","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4303371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073807945","display_name":"Olivier Bodenreider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-4217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800548410","display_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bodenreider Olivier","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, MS 43, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA. olivier@nlm.nih.gov"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, MS 43, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA. olivier@nlm.nih.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800548410","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037397269","display_name":"Anita Burgun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6855-4366"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burgun Anita","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073807945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I2800548410"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86748692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"Pt 1","first_page":"327","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-medical-language-system","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","score":0.882378339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.803995668888092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.6727855205535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.641992449760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6038704514503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5942944288253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5379245281219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-network","display_name":"Semantic network","score":0.5339155793190002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.46995142102241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4606693983078003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69505689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455338","display_name":"Unified Medical Language System","level":2,"score":0.882378339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.803995668888092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.6727855205535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.641992449760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6038704514503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5942944288253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5379245281219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.5339155793190002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46995142102241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4606693983078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017432","descriptor_name":"Unified Medical Language System","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-949-3-327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:15360828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15360828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4303371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4303371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Stud Health Technol Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4303371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4303371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Stud Health Technol Inform","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71507809","https://openalex.org/W101651648","https://openalex.org/W106639405","https://openalex.org/W630393885","https://openalex.org/W1573981182","https://openalex.org/W1574829624","https://openalex.org/W1592629787","https://openalex.org/W1600475986","https://openalex.org/W1822004795","https://openalex.org/W1997841190","https://openalex.org/W2098611338","https://openalex.org/W2914866334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2303098424","https://openalex.org/W2149600008","https://openalex.org/W2152489761","https://openalex.org/W95090919","https://openalex.org/W2041025542","https://openalex.org/W4323929292","https://openalex.org/W2122747165","https://openalex.org/W1042295638","https://openalex.org/W2129765832","https://openalex.org/W2530576204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92],"UMLS":[1,43],"Semantic":[2,39,81,89],"Network":[3,40,82,90],"and":[4,33,83,86,95],"Metathesaurus":[5,85],"are":[6,73,105],"two":[7,18,28,46,99],"complementary":[8],"knowledge":[9],"sources.":[10],"While":[11],"many":[12],"studies":[13],"compare":[14],"relationships":[15],"across":[16],"the":[17,38,42,49,71,77,80,84,88,98,103],"structures,":[19],"their":[20],"alignment":[21,72,104],"has":[22],"never":[23],"been":[24],"attempted.":[25],"We":[26],"applied":[27],"methods":[29,100],"based":[30],"on":[31],"lexical":[32,56],"conceptual":[34],"similarity":[35,59],"to":[36],"aligning":[37],"with":[41],"Metathesaurus.":[44],"Approximately":[45],"thirds":[47],"of":[48,97],"semantic":[50],"types":[51],"could":[52],"be":[53],"aligned":[54],"by":[55,70],"similarity.":[57],"Conceptual":[58],"suggested":[60],"mappings":[61],"in":[62],"all":[63],"but":[64],"ten":[65],"cases.":[66],"Potential":[67],"applications":[68],"enabled":[69],"discussed,":[74],"namely":[75],"auditing":[76],"consistency":[78],"between":[79],"extending":[87],"downwards.":[91],"relative":[93],"contribution":[94],"limitations":[96],"used":[101],"for":[102],"also":[106],"discussed.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}