{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161545082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","title":"Nonlinear Function Fitting and Prediction Using Newton-CG Optimization and Transformer Architecture","display_name":"Nonlinear Function Fitting and Prediction Using Newton-CG Optimization and Transformer Architecture","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161545082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13648/6724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13648/6724","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136391505","display_name":"Fang Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158273","display_name":"Institute of Finance and Trade Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/02apff255","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114218197","https://openalex.org/I4210158273"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Construction, Henan institute of economics and trade"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Construction, Henan institute of economics and trade","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136391505"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158273"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60288096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"13","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.094200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.094200000166893,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.06340000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.054999999701976776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8083000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-programming","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3774000108242035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8083000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.503600001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115527620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769909","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","level":3,"score":0.4056999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202286095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579262","display_name":"Error function","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184389593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603159","display_name":"Curve fitting","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984755018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118374","display_name":"Nonlinear model","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91873725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445816","display_name":"Function approximation","level":3,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117898588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664310","display_name":"Local convergence","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167085575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803654","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13648/6724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.13648","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/13648/6724","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161545082.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161545082.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3],"nonlinear":[4,26,41,87,167],"function-fitting":[5],"prediction":[6,176],"model":[7,71,159],"combining":[8],"the":[9,14,19,46,58,61,82,100,120,128,131,134,138,147,157,175],"Newton-CG":[10,62,135],"optimization":[11,69],"algorithm":[12],"with":[13,32,39],"Transformer":[15],"architecture":[16],"to":[17,53,66,108,174],"address":[18],"limited":[20],"accuracy":[21,77,162],"and":[22,35,60,78,89,99,114,123,146,163],"generalization":[23,165],"of":[24,119,133,140],"high-dimensional":[25,92],"data.":[27],"Traditional":[28],"methods":[29],"often":[30],"struggle":[31],"slow":[33],"convergence":[34,149],"overfitting":[36],"when":[37],"dealing":[38],"complex":[40,179],"relationships.":[42],"In":[43,81],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"Transformer's":[47],"multi-head":[48],"self-attention":[49],"mechanism":[50],"is":[51,64,106,111],"used":[52,65],"capture":[54],"long-term":[55],"dependencies":[56],"in":[57,166,178],"data,":[59],"method":[63,136],"accelerate":[67],"parameter":[68],"during":[70],"training,":[72],"thereby":[73],"significantly":[74],"improving":[75],"fitting":[76,104],"computational":[79],"efficiency.":[80],"experimental":[83],"part,":[84],"three":[85],"typical":[86],"functions":[88],"two":[90],"public":[91],"data":[93],"sets":[94],"are":[95],"selected":[96],"for":[97],"verification,":[98],"model's":[101],"average":[102,148],"test-set":[103],"error":[105],"reduced":[107],"0.023,":[109],"which":[110],"about":[112,144],"71.5%":[113],"68.2%":[115],"higher":[116],"than":[117],"those":[118],"traditional":[121],"LSTM":[122],"BP":[124],"network":[125],"methods.":[126],"At":[127],"same":[129],"time,":[130],"introduction":[132],"reduces":[137],"number":[139],"training":[141],"iterations":[142],"by":[143,151],"40%":[145],"time":[150],"60%.":[152],"The":[153],"results":[154],"show":[155],"that":[156],"proposed":[158],"achieves":[160],"high":[161],"strong":[164],"function":[168],"fitting,":[169],"providing":[170],"an":[171],"effective":[172],"solution":[173],"problem":[177],"systems.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}
