{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161022510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","title":"ADRL-VPP: An Adaptive Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Load Regulation in Virtual Power Plants","display_name":"ADRL-VPP: An Adaptive Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Load Regulation in Virtual Power Plants","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161022510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/12869/6681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/12869/6681","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136080404","display_name":"Cong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136049865","display_name":"Jin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058792708","display_name":"L. Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136045533","display_name":"Xiaoyi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136046907","display_name":"Yuxuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136019301","display_name":"Yue Ban","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Ban","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52120551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"12","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8062999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.6481999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-learning","display_name":"Adaptive learning","score":0.39800000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8062999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.6481999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5925999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125014702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680749","display_name":"Adaptive learning","level":2,"score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72218879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4839759","display_name":"Backstepping","level":4,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776098794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663315","display_name":"Load regulation","level":3,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4311470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159719","display_name":"Power station","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195975749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475705","display_name":"Fuzzy control system","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82327864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835100","display_name":"Intelligent control","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123153844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360897","display_name":"Base load power plant","level":4,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56624250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663309","display_name":"Load following power plant","level":5,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/12869/6681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i12.12869","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/12869/6681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7337707281112671}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161022510.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161022510.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0,66],"Power":[1,67],"Plants":[2],"(VPPs)":[3],"combine":[4],"renewable":[5],"energy":[6,23],"sources":[7],"with":[8,123],"storage":[9],"units":[10],"to":[11,29,31,131],"provide":[12],"an":[13,54],"integrated":[14],"power":[15,42,193],"generation":[16],"system":[17],"that":[18,146],"improves":[19],"grid":[20,45],"stability":[21],"and":[22,37,44,100,110,126,161],"efficiency.":[24],"Traditional":[25],"load-balancing":[26],"solutions":[27],"struggle":[28],"respond":[30],"fluctuations":[32],"in":[33,41,181],"generation,":[34,95],"electricity":[35,101],"costs,":[36],"demand,":[38],"frequently":[39],"resulting":[40],"outages":[43],"instability.":[46],"To":[47],"solve":[48],"these":[49],"issues,":[50],"this":[51],"study":[52],"proposes":[53],"adaptive":[55,112,127],"deep":[56,120,187],"reinforcement":[57,188],"learning":[58,128,189],"system,":[59],"ADRL-VPP":[60,104,147,171],"(Adaptive":[61],"Deep":[62],"Reinforcement":[63],"Learning":[64],"for":[65,177,190],"Plant":[68],"Load":[69],"Management),":[70],"which":[71,88],"enhances":[72],"load":[73,179],"management":[74],"while":[75],"ensuring":[76],"stable,":[77],"efficient":[78],"VPP":[79],"operation.":[80],"Experiments":[81],"were":[82],"carried":[83],"out":[84],"using":[85],"the":[86,149,184],"VPP_LoadReg_Dataset,":[87],"included":[89],"10,000":[90],"samples":[91],"of":[92,168,186],"solar,":[93],"wind":[94],"storage,":[96],"load,":[97],"time,":[98],"weather,":[99],"price":[102],"variations.":[103],"was":[105],"evaluated":[106],"against":[107],"conventional":[108],"backstepping":[109],"fuzzy":[111],"controllers":[113],"as":[114],"baselines.":[115],"The":[116,142],"model":[117],"uses":[118],"a":[119,162,173],"Q-network":[121],"(DQN)":[122],"\u03b5-greedy":[124],"exploration":[125],"rate":[129],"optimisation":[130],"discover":[132],"optimal":[133],"actions,":[134],"including":[135],"increasing,":[136],"decreasing,":[137],"saving,":[138],"or":[139],"doing":[140],"nothing.":[141],"experimental":[143],"results":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"outperformed":[148],"baseline":[150],"controllers,":[151],"achieving":[152],"92%":[153],"accuracy,":[154],"90%":[155],"precision,":[156],"91%":[157],"recall,":[158],"90.5%":[159],"F1-score,":[160],"Grid":[163],"Stability":[164],"Improvement":[165],"Index":[166],"(GSII)":[167],"0.87.":[169],"Overall,":[170],"provides":[172],"strong,":[174],"intelligent":[175],"solution":[176],"dynamic":[178],"regulation":[180],"VPPs,":[182],"demonstrating":[183],"promise":[185],"sustainable,":[191],"adaptable":[192],"management.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}
