{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155353285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","title":"K-Nearest Neighbor-Based Detection and Mitigation of False Data Injection Attacks in Nonlinear Automatic Generation Control Systems","display_name":"K-Nearest Neighbor-Based Detection and Mitigation of False Data Injection Attacks in Nonlinear Automatic Generation Control Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155353285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/9329/6639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/9329/6639","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134364705","display_name":"Xin Ge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Office, University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai 200093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Office, University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai 200093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134364705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44803904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.7506999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.7506999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.2126999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.7746000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3427000045776367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.7746000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6003999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5472999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781233147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229617","display_name":"Governor","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779280203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17121211","display_name":"Small data","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/9329/6639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i11.9329","pdf_url":"https://www.informatica.si/index.php/informatica/article/download/9329/6639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7155353285.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7155353285.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68],"security":[1],"of":[2,103,124,129],"Automatic":[3],"Generation":[4],"Control":[5],"(AGC)":[6],"systems":[7],"is":[8,92,99],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,46,94,161],"maintaining":[11],"frequency":[12],"stability":[13],"in":[14,101,168],"modern":[15],"power":[16],"grids.":[17],"False":[18],"Data":[19],"Injection":[20],"(FDI)":[21],"attacks":[22],"can":[23],"compromise":[24],"AGC":[25,51,89,170],"operations":[26],"by":[27,75,139],"altering":[28],"measurement":[29],"data":[30,74,83],"and":[31,43,63,96,110,126,158,166],"misleading":[32],"control":[33],"actions.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"proposes":[37],"a":[38,121,156],"K-Nearest":[39],"Neighbor":[40],"(KNN)-based":[41],"detection":[42,104,122,165],"mitigation":[44,167],"framework":[45,154],"FDI":[47,163],"attacks,":[48],"explicitly":[49],"considering":[50],"nonlinearities":[52],"such":[53],"as":[54],"the":[55,97,117,152],"governor":[56],"dead-band":[57],"(GDB),":[58],"generation":[59],"rate":[60,108],"constraint":[61],"(GRC),":[62],"transportation":[64],"time":[65,138],"delay":[66],"(TTD).":[67],"proposed":[69,118],"non-parametric":[70],"model":[71],"detects":[72],"abnormal":[73],"analyzing":[76],"feature":[77],"distances":[78],"without":[79],"requiring":[80],"extensive":[81],"training":[82],"or":[84],"computational":[85,111],"resources.":[86],"A":[87],"two-area":[88],"test":[90],"system":[91],"used":[93],"validation,":[95],"method":[98],"evaluated":[100],"terms":[102],"accuracy,":[105],"false":[106],"positive":[107],"(FPR),":[109],"efficiency.":[112],"Simulation":[113],"results":[114],"demonstrate":[115],"that":[116,151],"approach":[119],"achieves":[120],"accuracy":[123],"95.2%":[125],"an":[127],"FPR":[128],"3.5%":[130],"at":[131],"k":[132],"=":[133],"5,":[134],"while":[135],"reducing":[136],"computation":[137],"more":[140],"than":[141],"80%":[142],"compared":[143],"to":[144],"deep":[145],"learning":[146],"methods.":[147],"These":[148],"findings":[149],"confirm":[150],"KNN":[153],"offers":[155],"lightweight":[157],"effective":[159],"solution":[160],"real-time":[162],"attack":[164],"nonlinear":[169],"systems.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}
