{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154076733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","title":"A GNN\u2013DRL\u2013ResNet-Based Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks","display_name":"A GNN\u2013DRL\u2013ResNet-Based Dynamic Routing Algorithm for Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154076733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133505802","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133507882","display_name":"Yunfei Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133505802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87760461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.008500000461935997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-earth-orbit","display_name":"Low earth orbit","score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-routing","display_name":"Adaptive routing","score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4359999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7124000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24856439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352483","display_name":"Adaptive routing","level":5,"score":0.4731000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4575999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i1.12598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173311","display_name":"Informatica","issn_l":"0350-5596","issn":["0350-5596","1854-3871"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314525","host_organization_name":"Slovenian Society Informatika","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Slovenian Society Informatika"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Informatica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,28,88],"a":[2,7,30,234],"lot":[3],"of":[4,22,57,70,75,144],"nodes":[5,59],"in":[6,48,120,239],"Low":[8],"Earth":[9],"Orbit":[10],"(LEO)":[11],"communication":[12],"network,":[13],"and":[14,90,141,183,227,236,250,257],"their":[15],"resource":[16],"limits":[17],"might":[18],"change":[19],"quickly.":[20],"Because":[21,74],"these":[23,176],"features,":[24],"conventional":[25],"routing":[26,86],"techniques":[27],"not":[29,137],"good":[31],"fit":[32],"for":[33,124],"LEO":[34,126],"satellite":[35,127],"networks.":[36],"An":[37],"inductive":[38],"learning":[39,96],"architecture":[40],"called":[41],"Graph":[42],"Neural":[43],"Network":[44],"(GNNs)":[45],"is":[46,82,99,195],"proposed":[47],"this":[49,53,76],"research":[50],"to":[51,150,154,187,197,221,247],"tackle":[52],"issue.":[54],"The":[55,202],"number":[56],"topological":[58],"that":[60,205],"require":[61],"training":[62],"can":[63,245],"be":[64],"drastically":[65],"decreased":[66],"with":[67,109],"the":[68,71,78,106,121,139,159,164,170,173,189,199,206,222,230],"help":[69],"suggested":[72,122,207,231],"architecture.":[73],"cut,":[77],"nodes'":[79,165],"computational":[80],"difficulty":[81],"reduced.":[83],"In":[84],"addition,":[85],"methods":[87],"optimized":[89],"learned":[91],"continuously":[92],"using":[93,158],"deep":[94],"reinforcement":[95],"(DRL),":[97],"which":[98,135],"made":[100],"even":[101],"more":[102],"generalizable":[103],"by":[104,255],"building":[105],"DRL":[107],"agent":[108,115],"GNN.":[110],"Every":[111],"Deep":[112,223],"Q-Network":[113],"(DQN)":[114],"manages":[116],"its":[117],"own":[118],"tasks":[119],"algorithm":[123],"optimizing":[125],"route":[128],"planning":[129],"based":[130],"on":[131],"graph":[132],"neural":[133],"networks":[134,145],"does":[136],"extracts":[138],"spatial":[140],"temporal":[142],"information":[143],"that\u2019s":[146],"why":[147],"we":[148],"planned":[149],"propose":[151],"RESNET":[152],"model":[153],"replace":[155],"DQN.":[156],"By":[157],"GNN":[160],"paradigm,":[161],"it":[162,244],"discovers":[163],"concealed":[166],"states.":[167],"To":[168],"determine":[169],"best":[171],"routes,":[172],"DRLmodel":[174],"takes":[175],"hidden":[177],"states":[178],"into":[179],"account.":[180],"A":[181],"comparison":[182],"simulation":[184],"were":[185],"run":[186],"assess":[188],"algorithm's":[190],"efficiency.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"optimization":[193],"technique":[194],"presented":[196],"choose":[198],"shortest":[200],"route.":[201],"outcomes":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"method":[208],"mitigates":[209],"average":[210,240,252],"overall":[211],"latency":[212,254],"while":[213],"simultaneously":[214],"increasing":[215],"total":[216],"network":[217],"throughput.":[218],"When":[219],"compared":[220],"Q":[224],"Networks":[225],"(DQNs)":[226],"Dijikstras":[228],"Algorithm,":[229],"approach":[232],"achieves":[233],"25%":[235],"30%":[237],"improvement":[238],"throughput,":[241],"respectively.":[242,259],"Additionally,":[243],"adjust":[246],"different":[248],"topologies":[249],"lower":[251],"end-to-end":[253],"44%":[256],"22%,":[258]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
