{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039856017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","title":"Protection of Geoprivacy and Accuracy of Spatial Information: How Effective Are Geographical Masks?","display_name":"Protection of Geoprivacy and Accuracy of Spatial Information: How Effective Are Geographical Masks?","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039856017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","mag":"2039856017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30806240","display_name":"Cartographica The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","issn_l":"0317-7173","issn":["0317-7173","1911-9925"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cartographica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009185228","display_name":"Mei\u2010Po Kwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-9258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mei-Po Kwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111642473","display_name":"Irene Casas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene Casas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University at Buffalo-SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108210663","display_name":"Ben Schmitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292842697","display_name":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0428exr50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292842697"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Schmitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA","3 Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292842697"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3 Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292842697"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009185228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.2577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98543382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"15","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.7214874625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georeference","display_name":"Georeference","score":0.7002301812171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.5746893882751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5143274068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4675378203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.46697258949279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4573253393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.44741952419281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4472030699253082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37487363815307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.3738204836845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20764651894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.18866229057312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.09443125128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08554571866989136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.7214874625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75145180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772007","display_name":"Georeference","level":2,"score":0.7002301812171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.5746893882751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5143274068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4675378203392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46697258949279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4573253393173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.44741952419281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4472030699253082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37487363815307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3738204836845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20764651894569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.18866229057312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.09443125128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08554571866989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3138/x204-4223-57mk-8273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30806240","display_name":"Cartographica The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","issn_l":"0317-7173","issn":["0317-7173","1911-9925"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320517","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320517","https://openalex.org/P4310313000"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Toronto Press","University of Toronto"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cartographica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313784","display_name":"Ohio Department of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0436zyg08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508967748","https://openalex.org/W1531793461","https://openalex.org/W1987892279","https://openalex.org/W2001691325","https://openalex.org/W2008664767","https://openalex.org/W2028907859","https://openalex.org/W2042593386","https://openalex.org/W2054330767","https://openalex.org/W2068623457","https://openalex.org/W2068713655","https://openalex.org/W2072719872","https://openalex.org/W2078376456","https://openalex.org/W2078570438","https://openalex.org/W2089518066","https://openalex.org/W2122228761","https://openalex.org/W2126876710","https://openalex.org/W2129905273","https://openalex.org/W2136502970","https://openalex.org/W2145257329","https://openalex.org/W2326273893","https://openalex.org/W2478427276","https://openalex.org/W2483790945","https://openalex.org/W3036349229","https://openalex.org/W3203881615","https://openalex.org/W4231344362","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4324114541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2031014282","https://openalex.org/W73100085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"analysis":[1,46],"and":[2,118,169,198],"mapping":[3],"of":[4,50,84,120,134,156,171,200],"georeferenced,":[5,67],"individual-level":[6,51,68],"data":[7,52,69,97,116,138,183],"can":[8],"help":[9,182],"identify":[10],"important":[11],"geographical":[12,45,86,179],"patterns":[13],"or":[14,185],"lead":[15],"to":[16,33,62,125],"knowledge":[17],"significant":[18],"for":[19,43,99],"dealing":[20],"with":[21,88],"specific":[22],"social":[23],"issues":[24],"in":[25,71,102,106,191],"a":[26,73,96,111,127,162,192],"particular":[27,193],"area.":[28],"However,":[29],"given":[30],"the":[31,41,60,132,143,153,157,188],"need":[32,61],"protect":[34,63],"personal":[35],"privacy":[36,167,196],"when":[37],"using":[38,95],"geospatial":[39],"data,":[40],"possibility":[42],"undertaking":[44],"on":[47,136],"certain":[48],"types":[49],"is":[53,93],"becoming":[54],"increasingly":[55],"circumscribed.":[56],"This":[57],"article":[58],"addresses":[59],"geoprivacy":[64],"while":[65],"making":[66],"available":[70],"such":[72],"way":[74],"that":[75,148,176],"analytical":[76,121],"results":[77,133],"are":[78],"not":[79],"significantly":[80],"affected.":[81],"The":[82,108,173],"effectiveness":[83],"three":[85],"masks":[87,180],"different":[89,141],"perturbation":[90],"radii":[91],"(r)":[92],"examined":[94],"set":[98],"lung-cancer":[100],"deaths":[101],"Franklin":[103],"County,":[104],"Ohio,":[105],"1999.":[107],"findings":[109],"reveal":[110],"rather":[112],"consistent":[113],"trade-off":[114,165],"between":[115,166,195],"confidentiality":[117],"accuracy":[119,170,199],"results.":[122,145,172],"There":[123],"seems":[124],"be":[126],"threshold":[128],"r-value":[129],"at":[130],"which":[131],"analyses":[135],"masked":[137],"become":[139],"substantially":[140],"from":[142],"original":[144],"An":[146],"r":[147],"produces":[149],"an":[150],"area":[151],"about":[152],"average":[154],"size":[155],"study-area":[158],"census-block":[159],"groups":[160],"achieves":[161],"desirable":[163,189],"optimum":[164],"protection":[168,197],"study":[174],"shows":[175],"implementing":[177],"appropriate":[178],"may":[181],"managers":[184],"researchers":[186],"establish":[187],"trade-off,":[190],"context,":[194],"geographic":[201],"information.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}