{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2250539671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162","title":"Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation","display_name":"Glove: Global Vectors for Word Representation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2250539671","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162","mag":"2250539671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010225522","display_name":"Jeffrey Pennington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Pennington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059955534","display_name":"Richard Socher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-639X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Socher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006076","display_name":"Christopher D. Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010225522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1171.8372,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33641,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99998468,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1532","last_page":"1543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7020219564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5919724702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5910381078720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.48597466945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43584924936294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.392413467168808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.354422390460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1388796865940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7020219564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5919724702835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5910381078720093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.48597466945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43584924936294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.392413467168808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.354422390460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1388796865940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1162","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.645.8863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.645.8863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/glove.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.664.6814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.664.6814","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology/D/D14/D14-1162.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.671.1743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.671.1743","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://emnlp2014.org/papers/pdf/EMNLP2014162.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495550473","https://openalex.org/W1499253590","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1978400666","https://openalex.org/W1981617416","https://openalex.org/W2067438047","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2077428231","https://openalex.org/W2080100102","https://openalex.org/W2097732278","https://openalex.org/W2103318667","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2118020653","https://openalex.org/W2133280805","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2147152072","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2155169782","https://openalex.org/W2158139315","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2164019165","https://openalex.org/W2167510172","https://openalex.org/W2250189634","https://openalex.org/W2251012068","https://openalex.org/W2251803266","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W1569283511","https://openalex.org/W2795079307","https://openalex.org/W2793058541","https://openalex.org/W4236193183","https://openalex.org/W2053866214","https://openalex.org/W2607505004","https://openalex.org/W3118638206","https://openalex.org/W2231795205","https://openalex.org/W2970166416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"methods":[1],"for":[2,39],"learning":[3],"vector":[4,19,115],"space":[5,116],"representations":[6],"of":[7,24,60,125],"words":[8],"have":[9],"succeeded":[10],"in":[11,44,66,90,107],"capturing":[12],"fine-grained":[13],"semantic":[14],"and":[15,32,72,142],"syntactic":[16],"regularities":[17,26,41],"using":[18],"arith-metic,":[20],"but":[21],"the":[22,35,58,61,67,87,98],"origin":[23],"these":[25],"has":[27],"remained":[28],"opaque.":[29],"We":[30],"analyze":[31],"make":[33],"explicit":[34],"model":[36,55,64,78,112],"properties":[37],"needed":[38],"such":[40],"to":[42],"emerge":[43],"word":[45,131],"vectors.":[46],"The":[47,111],"result":[48],"is":[49],"a":[50,91,108,114,129],"new":[51],"global":[52,69],"log-bilinear":[53],"regression":[54],"that":[56],"combines":[57],"advantages":[59],"two":[62],"major":[63],"families":[65],"literature:":[68],"matrix":[70,101],"factorization":[71],"local":[73],"context":[74,105],"window":[75],"methods.":[76],"Our":[77],"efficiently":[79],"leverages":[80],"statistical":[81],"information":[82],"by":[83,122],"training":[84],"only":[85],"on":[86,97,103,128,139],"nonzero":[88],"elements":[89],"word-word":[92],"co-occurrence":[93],"matrix,":[94],"rather":[95],"than":[96],"en-tire":[99],"sparse":[100],"or":[102],"individual":[104],"windows":[106],"large":[109],"corpus.":[110],"pro-duces":[113],"with":[117],"meaningful":[118],"sub-structure,":[119],"as":[120],"evidenced":[121],"its":[123],"performance":[124],"75":[126],"%":[127],"recent":[130],"analogy":[132],"task.":[133],"It":[134],"also":[135],"outperforms":[136],"related":[137],"models":[138],"simi-larity":[140],"tasks":[141],"named":[143],"entity":[144],"recognition.":[145],"1":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":444},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1948},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2566},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3509},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3667},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5450},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5411},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4812},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3055},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1532},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":868},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":351},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}