{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2149500410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1034678.1034724","title":"Inside-outside estimation of a lexicalized PCFG for German","display_name":"Inside-outside estimation of a lexicalized PCFG for German","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2149500410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1034678.1034724","mag":"2149500410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1034678.1034724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1034678.1034724","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1034678.1034724","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics  -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1034678.1034724","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063774154","display_name":"Franz Beil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franz Beil","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075324044","display_name":"Glenn R. Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7718-9348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015543135","display_name":"Detlef Prescher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Detlef Prescher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011749347","display_name":"Stefan Riezler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Riezler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064858358","display_name":"Mats Rooth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-7548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mats Rooth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Stuttgart"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Stuttgart","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063774154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.118,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92313363,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"269","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8064751625061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markup-language","display_name":"Markup language","score":0.7059750556945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.693808913230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.6604508757591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.6425514221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6281218528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.5824142694473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5197303295135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.49457213282585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalism","display_name":"Formalism (music)","score":0.4426732063293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase-structure-rules","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","score":0.4287789762020111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3131762444972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.176071435213089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.10608434677124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.06054031848907471}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8064751625061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45874996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37045","display_name":"Markup language","level":3,"score":0.7059750556945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.693808913230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.6604508757591248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6425514221191406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6281218528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.5824142694473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5197303295135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.49457213282585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73301696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469984","display_name":"Formalism (music)","level":3,"score":0.4426732063293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80877019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188074","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","level":3,"score":0.4287789762020111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3131762444972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.176071435213089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.10608434677124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.06054031848907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1034678.1034724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1034678.1034724","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1034678.1034724","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics  -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.12.5661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.12.5661","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P99/P99-1035.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.36.1977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.36.1977","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/projekte/gramotron/PAPERS/ACL99/syntax.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acl.sr.language-archives.org:P99-1035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P99-1035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402137","display_name":"The COCOON platform (University of Paris)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102197404","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Sud","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102197404"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:americanae.aecid.es:3657132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3657132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400786","display_name":"Americanae (AECID Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1034678.1034724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1034678.1034724","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1034678.1034724","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics  -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149500410.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2149500410.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1622422412","https://openalex.org/W1626318224","https://openalex.org/W1798971027","https://openalex.org/W2132807457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2129100979","https://openalex.org/W2208029369","https://openalex.org/W2157830631","https://openalex.org/W2108311530","https://openalex.org/W1913586201","https://openalex.org/W2032911973","https://openalex.org/W2093652469","https://openalex.org/W1979521162","https://openalex.org/W4385786947","https://openalex.org/W2387585241"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"an":[3],"extensive":[4],"experiment":[5,27],"in":[6],"inside-outside":[7],"estimation":[8],"of":[9,39],"a":[10],"lexicalized":[11],"probabilistic":[12],"context":[13],"free":[14],"grammar":[15],"for":[16],"German":[17],"verb-final":[18],"clauses.":[19],"Grammar":[20],"and":[21,37],"formalism":[22],"features":[23],"which":[24],"make":[25],"the":[26],"feasible":[28],"are":[29,33],"described.":[30],"Successive":[31],"models":[32],"evaluated":[34],"on":[35],"precision":[36],"recall":[38],"phrase":[40],"markup.":[41]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
