{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2251908882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","title":"A Hierarchy with, of, and for Preposition Supersenses","display_name":"A Hierarchy with, of, and for Preposition Supersenses","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2251908882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","mag":"2251908882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w15-1612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014008069","display_name":"Nathan Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-0533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Edinburgh,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Edinburgh,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013135203","display_name":"Vivek Srikumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Srikumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080544237","display_name":"Jena D. Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-294X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jena D. Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017464054","display_name":"Martha Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9864-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martha Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014008069"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.2174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98407388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"112","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.7088152170181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5710241198539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3602520823478699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.35139256715774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.10658219456672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.06224459409713745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.7088152170181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5710241198539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3602520823478699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.35139256715774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10658219456672668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06224459409713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w15-1612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w15-1612","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w15-1612","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of The 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2251908882.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2251908882.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36788140","https://openalex.org/W82533769","https://openalex.org/W174888525","https://openalex.org/W207005892","https://openalex.org/W265224334","https://openalex.org/W266716723","https://openalex.org/W366212185","https://openalex.org/W369759500","https://openalex.org/W412820594","https://openalex.org/W627084713","https://openalex.org/W630883834","https://openalex.org/W1485325109","https://openalex.org/W1496701780","https://openalex.org/W1506109252","https://openalex.org/W1522654972","https://openalex.org/W1557856478","https://openalex.org/W1584396641","https://openalex.org/W1760858603","https://openalex.org/W1875259556","https://openalex.org/W1992032602","https://openalex.org/W1994659709","https://openalex.org/W1997558347","https://openalex.org/W2003087735","https://openalex.org/W2021589264","https://openalex.org/W2023347105","https://openalex.org/W2045957079","https://openalex.org/W2051390224","https://openalex.org/W2060491487","https://openalex.org/W2073657967","https://openalex.org/W2080947873","https://openalex.org/W2085322209","https://openalex.org/W2093647425","https://openalex.org/W2108402998","https://openalex.org/W2109494378","https://openalex.org/W2113686673","https://openalex.org/W2115792525","https://openalex.org/W2116512345","https://openalex.org/W2123562285","https://openalex.org/W2146238197","https://openalex.org/W2150657813","https://openalex.org/W2160920407","https://openalex.org/W2164177402","https://openalex.org/W2251185670","https://openalex.org/W2252113711","https://openalex.org/W2252123671","https://openalex.org/W2492202813","https://openalex.org/W2525688322","https://openalex.org/W2725468548","https://openalex.org/W2759421525","https://openalex.org/W3129857645","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2789919619","https://openalex.org/W2293457016","https://openalex.org/W1551406738","https://openalex.org/W2610387714","https://openalex.org/W2369308426","https://openalex.org/W1569841287","https://openalex.org/W1512718085","https://openalex.org/W2359001871","https://openalex.org/W2167662847","https://openalex.org/W1560657467"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"English":[0],"prepositions":[1,142,375,398,525],"are":[2,24,60,100,112,124,143,184,443,457,479,526],"extremely":[3],"frequent":[4],"and":[5,62,89,119,135,149,164,236,384,485,491,509,531,555,574,577,585,588,605,645,650,674],"extraordinarily":[6],"polysemous.":[7],"In":[8,139,317],"some":[9,442],"usages":[10],"they":[11,23,449],"contribute":[12],"information":[13],"about":[14,208,551],"spatial,":[15],"temporal,":[16],"or":[17,39,159,299,312,330,344,456,515],"causal":[18],"roles/relations;":[19],"in":[20,109,186,239,297,315,366,372,380,388,534,620,656],"other":[21,92,318,364],"cases":[22],"institutionalized,":[25],"somewhat":[26],"arbitrarily,":[27],"as":[28,65,293,314,387],"case":[29],"markers":[30],"licensed":[31],"by":[32],"a":[33,48,140,157,180,277,286,294,304,307,322,328,333,377,406,419,427,452,507,511,540],"particular":[34],"governing":[35],"verb,":[36],"verb":[37,334],"class,":[38],"syntactic":[40,459],"construction.":[41],"To":[42],"facilitate":[43],"automatic":[44,561],"disambiguation,":[45],"we":[46,56,279,503,537,666],"propose":[47],"general-purpose,":[49],"broadcoverage":[50],"taxonomy":[51],"of":[52,83,137,147,175,182,255,325,358,363,409,463,476,513,543,563],"preposition":[53,305,360,413,439,489,564,630],"functions":[54,425,598],"that":[55,362,448,518,539,668],"call":[57],"supersenses:":[58],"these":[59,402,477],"coarse":[61,470],"unlexicalized":[63],"so":[64,248,527,529,532],"to":[66,91,152,193,204,212,216,226,231,244,251,261,268,272,282,332,340,353,412,422,434,436,451,468,558,632,643,646],"be":[67,96,283,623],"tractable":[68],"for":[69,129,242,397,572,652],"efficient":[70],"manual":[71],"annotation,":[72],"yet":[73,105,127],"capture":[74],"crucial":[75,533],"semantic":[76,356,471,597],"distinctions.":[77],"Our":[78,430],"resource,":[79],"including":[80],"extensive":[81],"documentation":[82],"the":[84,102,131,144,153,172,176,213,224,233,240,252,289,355,359,367,373,446,464,520,648,669],"supersenses,":[85,634],"many":[86,173],"example":[87],"sentences,":[88],"mappings":[90],"lexical":[93],"resources,":[94],"will":[95],"publicly":[97],"released.":[98],"Prepositions":[99],"perhaps":[101],"most":[103],"beguiling":[104],"pervasive":[106],"lexicosyntactic":[107],"class":[108],"English.":[110],"They":[111,123],"everywhere;":[113],"their":[114,424],"functional":[115],"versatility":[116],"is":[117,162,169,192,267,273,349,432,466,641,671],"dizzying":[118],"largely":[120],"idiosyncratic":[121],"(1).":[122],"nearly":[125],"invisible,":[126],"indispensable":[128],"situating":[130],"where,":[132],"when,":[133],"why,":[134],"how":[136],"events.":[138],"way,":[141],"bastard":[145],"children":[146],"lexicon":[148],"grammar,":[150],"rising":[151],"occasion":[154],"almost":[155,437],"whenever":[156],"noun-noun":[158],"verbnoun":[160],"relation":[161],"needed":[163],"neither":[165],"subject":[166],"nor":[167],"object":[168],"appropriate.":[170],"Consider":[171],"uses":[174],"word":[177],"to,":[178],"just":[179],"few":[181],"which":[183],"illustrated":[185],"(1):1":[187],"(1)":[188],"a.":[189],"My":[190],"cake":[191],"die":[194],"for.":[195],"b.":[196],"If":[197],"you":[198,203,210,222],"want":[199],"I":[200],"can":[201,622],"treat":[202],"some.":[205],"c.":[206],"How":[207],"this:":[209],"go":[211],"store":[214],"d.":[215],"buy":[217],"ingredients.":[218],"e.":[219],"Then":[220],"if":[221,288],"give":[223],"recipe":[225],"me":[227],"f.":[228],"I\u2019m":[229],"happy":[230],"make":[232,519],"batter":[234],"g.":[235],"put":[237],"it":[238,281,320,348],"oven":[241],"30":[243],"40":[245],"minutes":[246],"h.":[247],"you\u2019ll":[249],"arrive":[250],"sweet":[253],"smell":[254],"chocolate.":[256],"i.":[257],"That":[258],"sounds":[259],"good":[260],"me.":[262],"j.":[263],"That\u2019s":[264],"all":[265,438],"there":[266],"it.":[269],"1Though":[270],"infinitival":[271,290],"traditionally":[274],"not":[275,350],"considered":[276],"preposition,":[278],"allow":[280],"labeled":[284],"with":[285,401,636,663],"supersense":[287],"clause":[291],"serves":[292,321],"PURPOSE":[295],"(as":[296],"(1d))":[298],"FUNCTION.":[300],"See":[301],"\u00a72.":[302],"Sometimes":[303],"specifies":[306],"relationship":[308],"between":[309],"two":[310],"entities":[311],"quantities,":[313],"(1g).":[316],"scenarios":[319],"case-marking":[323],"sort":[324],"function,":[326],"marking":[327],"complement":[329],"adjunct\u2014principally":[331],"(1b\u20131e,":[335],"1h,":[336],"1i),":[337],"but":[338],"also":[339,569,613],"an":[341,657],"argument-taking":[342],"noun":[343],"adjective":[345],"(1f).":[346],"Further,":[347],"always":[351],"possible":[352],"separate":[354],"contribution":[357],"from":[361,560],"words":[365],"sentence.":[368],"As":[369],"amply":[370],"demonstrated":[371],"literature,":[374],"play":[376],"key":[378],"role":[379],"multiword":[381,454],"expressions":[382],"(Baldwin":[383],"Kim,":[385],"2010),":[386,607],"(1a,":[389],"1b,":[390],"1j).":[391],"An":[392],"adequate":[393],"descriptive":[394],"annotation":[395,658],"scheme":[396,431,521,619,670],"must":[399],"deal":[400],"messy":[403],"facts.":[404],"Following":[405],"brief":[407],"discussion":[408],"existing":[410],"approaches":[411],"semantics":[414],"(\u00a71),":[415],"this":[416],"paper":[417,465],"offers":[418],"new":[420,514],"approach":[421],"characterizing":[423],"at":[426,625],"coarsegrained":[428],"level.":[429],"intended":[433],"apply":[435],"tokens,":[440],"though":[441],"excluded":[444],"on":[445,481],"grounds":[447],"belong":[450],"larger":[453],"expression":[455],"purely":[458],"(\u00a72).":[460],"The":[461,639],"rest":[462],"devoted":[467],"our":[469,618,633,661],"categories,":[472],"supersenses":[473],"(\u00a73).2":[474],"Many":[475],"categories":[478,517],"based":[480],"previous":[482],"proposals\u2014primarily,":[483],"Srikumar":[484],"Roth":[486],"(2013a)":[487],"(so-called":[488],"relations)":[490],"VerbNet":[492],"(thematic":[493],"roles;":[494],"Bonial":[495],"et":[496,581,591,610],"al.,":[497,582,592,611],"2011;":[498],"Hwang,":[499],"2014,":[500,612],"appendix":[501],"C)\u2014but":[502],"organize":[504],"them":[505],"into":[506],"hierarchy":[508],"motivate":[510],"number":[512],"altered":[516],"more":[522],"robust.":[523],"Because":[524],"frequent,":[528],"polysemous,":[530],"establishing":[535],"relations,":[536],"believe":[538,667],"wide":[541],"variety":[542],"NLP":[544],"applications":[545],"(including":[546],"knowledge":[547],"base":[548],"construction,":[549],"reasoning":[550],"events,":[552],"summarization,":[553],"paraphrasing,":[554],"translation)":[556],"stand":[557],"benefit":[559],"disambiguation":[562],"supersenses.":[565],"2Supersense":[566],"inventories":[567,595],"have":[568],"been":[570],"described":[571],"nouns":[573],"verbs":[575],"(Ciaramita":[576],"Altun,":[578],"2006;":[579],"Schneider":[580,584],"2012;":[583],"Smith,":[586],"2015)":[587],"adjectives":[589],"(Tsvetkov":[590],"2014).":[593],"Other":[594],"characterize":[596],"expressed":[599],"via":[600],"morphosyntax:":[601],"e.g.,":[602],"tense/aspect":[603],"(Reichart":[604],"Rappoport,":[606],"definiteness":[608],"(Bhatia":[609],"hierarchical).":[614],"A":[615],"wiki":[616,640],"documenting":[617],"detail":[621],"accessed":[624],"http://tiny.cc/prepwiki.":[626],"It":[627],"maps":[628],"finegrained":[629],"senses":[631],"along":[635],"numerous":[637],"examples.":[638],"conducive":[642],"browsing":[644],"exporting":[647],"structure":[649],"examples":[651],"use":[653],"elsewhere":[654],"(e.g.,":[655],"tool).":[659],"From":[660],"experience":[662],"pilot":[664],"annotations,":[665],"fairly":[672],"stable":[673],"broadly":[675],"applicable.":[676]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T08:12:03.925757","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}