{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158406668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","title":"Improving Classification-Based Natural Language Understanding with Non-Expert Annotation","display_name":"Improving Classification-Based Natural Language Understanding with Non-Expert Annotation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158406668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","mag":"2158406668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w14-4309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080228850","display_name":"Fabrizio Morbini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"California Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Morbini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University  of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University  of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082080745","display_name":"Eric Forbell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"California Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Forbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University  of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University  of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070742827","display_name":"Kenji Sagae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-0618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800817003","display_name":"California Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/058zz0t50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenji Sagae","raw_affiliation_strings":["University  of Southern California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University  of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800817003","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080228850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I2800817003"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2686,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85892415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.9031908512115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8208199143409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.6650594472885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6489107608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6226955056190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-annotation","display_name":"Temporal annotation","score":0.5154481530189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.428976833820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-networking-language","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","score":0.19765689969062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension-approach","display_name":"Comprehension approach","score":0.0842488706111908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.9031908512115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8208199143409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.6650594472885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6489107608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6226955056190491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7044111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15844891","display_name":"Temporal annotation","level":5,"score":0.5154481530189514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.428976833820343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83479923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063748","display_name":"Universal Networking Language","level":4,"score":0.19765689969062805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.0842488706111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w14-4309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.673.6533","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.673.6533","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W14/W14-4309.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w14-4309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-4309","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77001256","https://openalex.org/W1521359889","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2134399050","https://openalex.org/W2138926357","https://openalex.org/W2143927207","https://openalex.org/W2152503071","https://openalex.org/W2153190884","https://openalex.org/W2200544392","https://openalex.org/W2399087032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080575979","https://openalex.org/W4385569300","https://openalex.org/W48671780","https://openalex.org/W1994489417","https://openalex.org/W2369337446","https://openalex.org/W2573587940","https://openalex.org/W2061851981","https://openalex.org/W3145920652","https://openalex.org/W2137228101","https://openalex.org/W95708995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"data-driven":[1],"techniques":[2],"are":[3],"com-monly":[4],"used":[5],"for":[6,33,41],"Natural":[7],"Language":[8],"Under-standing":[9],"in":[10,26,45,67,75],"dialogue":[11],"systems,":[12],"their":[13],"effi-cacy":[14],"is":[15],"often":[16],"hampered":[17],"by":[18,82],"the":[19],"lack":[20],"of":[21,38],"ap-propriate":[22],"annotated":[23],"training":[24,39],"data":[25,40],"suffi-cient":[27],"amounts.":[28],"We":[29],"present":[30],"an":[31],"approach":[32],"rapid":[34],"and":[35,71],"cost-effective":[36],"annotation":[37,77],"classification-based":[42],"lan-guage":[43],"understanding":[44,70],"conversational":[46,53],"di-alogue":[47],"systems.":[48],"Experiments":[49],"using":[50],"a":[51,58,64,72],"web-accessible":[52],"character":[54],"that":[55,63],"in-teracts":[56],"with":[57],"varied":[59],"user":[60],"population":[61],"show":[62],"dramatic":[65],"improvement":[66],"natural":[68],"language":[69],"substantial":[73],"reduction":[74],"expert":[76],"effort":[78],"can":[79],"be":[80],"achieved":[81],"leveraging":[83],"non-expert":[84],"an-notation.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}