{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2251794678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3913","title":"Mixed Language and Code-Switching in the Canadian Hansard","display_name":"Mixed Language and Code-Switching in the Canadian Hansard","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2251794678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3913","mag":"2251794678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w14-3913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3913","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078390032","display_name":"Marine Carpuat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1693-0782"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marine Carpuat","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078390032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8631,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92333694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"107","last_page":"115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-switching","display_name":"Code-switching","score":0.8239595293998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6552627682685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4432212710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4317821264266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2642020583152771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18552078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255615","display_name":"Code-switching","level":2,"score":0.8239595293998718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6552627682685852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4432212710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4317821264266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2642020583152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/w14-3913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3913","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the First Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11511616","https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W162697342","https://openalex.org/W174699892","https://openalex.org/W2006832571","https://openalex.org/W2013489815","https://openalex.org/W2016630033","https://openalex.org/W2057829245","https://openalex.org/W2097333193","https://openalex.org/W2123660869","https://openalex.org/W2125489263","https://openalex.org/W2142523187","https://openalex.org/W2165691108","https://openalex.org/W2183864645","https://openalex.org/W2203920402","https://openalex.org/W2251820600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243252198","https://openalex.org/W2118300983","https://openalex.org/W2112962394","https://openalex.org/W3137189469","https://openalex.org/W4235530921","https://openalex.org/W2382501300","https://openalex.org/W3162240892","https://openalex.org/W4245713008","https://openalex.org/W2013111119","https://openalex.org/W2047793074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0,68],"there":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"lots":[4],"of":[5,26,58,157],"interest":[6],"in":[7,9,23,89,104,162],"code-switching":[8,21,139,161],"informal":[10],"text":[11],"such":[12,125],"as":[13,126],"tweets":[14],"and":[15,35,46,108,116,140,143,155,160],"online":[16],"content,":[17],"we":[18,92],"ask":[19],"whether":[20],"occurs":[22],"the":[24,32,56,65,75,99,105,127,153],"proceedings":[25],"multilingual":[27,136],"institutions.":[28],"We":[29],"focus":[30],"on":[31,42,64],"Canadian":[33,106],"Hansard,":[34,107],"automatically":[36],"detect":[37],"mixed":[38,100,158],"language":[39,50,77,159],"segments":[40],"based":[41],"simple":[43],"corpus-based":[44],"rules":[45],"an":[47],"existing":[48],"word-level":[49],"tagger.":[51],"Manual":[52],"evaluation":[53],"shows":[54],"that":[55,94,122],"performance":[57],"automatic":[59],"detection":[60,156],"varies":[61],"significantly":[62],"depending":[63],"primary":[66],"language.":[67],"95%":[69],"precision":[70,88],"can":[71,129],"be":[72,111],"achieved":[73],"when":[74],"original":[76],"is":[78],"French,":[79],"common":[80],"words":[81],"generate":[82],"many":[83],"false":[84],"positives":[85],"which":[86],"hurt":[87],"English.":[90],"Furthermore,":[91],"found":[93],"codeswitching":[95],"does":[96],"occur":[97],"within":[98],"languages":[101],"examples":[102],"detected":[103],"it":[109],"might":[110],"used":[112],"differently":[113],"by":[114],"French":[115],"English":[117],"speakers.":[118],"This":[119],"analysis":[120],"suggests":[121],"parallel":[123,163],"corpora":[124],"Hansard":[128],"provide":[130],"interesting":[131],"test":[132],"beds":[133],"for":[134],"studying":[135],"practices,":[137],"including":[138],"its":[141],"translation,":[142],"encourages":[144],"us":[145],"to":[146,151],"collect":[147],"more":[148],"gold":[149],"annotations":[150],"improve":[152],"characterization":[154],"corpora.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-02-25T08:12:03.925757","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}