{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2252116685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","title":"lex4all: A language-independent tool for building and evaluating pronunciation lexicons for small-vocabulary speech recognition","display_name":"lex4all: A language-independent tool for building and evaluating pronunciation lexicons for small-vocabulary speech recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2252116685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","mag":"2252116685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-5019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052782365","display_name":"Anjana Sofia Vakil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anjana Vakil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland Univ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland Univ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064463984","display_name":"Max Paulus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Paulus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland Univ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland Univ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069931383","display_name":"Alexis Palmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5071-3090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexis Palmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland Univ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland Univ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010000036","display_name":"Michaela Regneri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-7839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michaela Regneri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Saarland Univ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland Univ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052782365"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8201,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84269798,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"109","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13194","display_name":"ICT in Developing Communities","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9455000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8665268421173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.8483710289001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6510167121887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6287750005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5239793658256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4974243938922882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.46961456537246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-corpus","display_name":"Speech corpus","score":0.42560243606567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-analytics","display_name":"Speech analytics","score":0.42323359847068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-synthesis","display_name":"Speech synthesis","score":0.32591331005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.18958979845046997}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8665268421173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.8483710289001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6510167121887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6287750005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5239793658256531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4974243938922882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.46961456537246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91863865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4349497","display_name":"Speech corpus","level":3,"score":0.42560243606567383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54953205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4142201","display_name":"Speech analytics","level":4,"score":0.42323359847068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14999030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16346","display_name":"Speech synthesis","level":2,"score":0.32591331005096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.18958979845046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-5019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.696.6491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.696.6491","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P14/P14-5019.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-5019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-5019","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192243978","https://openalex.org/W198385923","https://openalex.org/W759320587","https://openalex.org/W1985944252","https://openalex.org/W1997575393","https://openalex.org/W2028380100","https://openalex.org/W2033436836","https://openalex.org/W2060524913","https://openalex.org/W2281668644","https://openalex.org/W2571732075"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W231741463","https://openalex.org/W4200068392","https://openalex.org/W2772686614","https://openalex.org/W2152945827","https://openalex.org/W114226241","https://openalex.org/W2015513221","https://openalex.org/W301864623","https://openalex.org/W2757826346","https://openalex.org/W2184371793","https://openalex.org/W2014684632"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"lex4all,":[3],"an":[4,66,84,111],"open-source":[5],"PC":[6],"application":[7,91],"for":[8,71,87,121],"the":[9,51,62,107],"generation":[10],"and":[11,27,110],"evaluation":[12],"of":[13,24,31,53,106],"pronunciation":[14],"lexicons":[15,49],"in":[16,44,61],"any":[17],"language.":[18],"With":[19],"just":[20],"a":[21,72,94,102],"few":[22],"minutes":[23],"recorded":[25],"audio":[26,96],"no":[28],"expert":[29],"knowl-edge":[30],"linguistics":[32],"or":[33,37],"speech":[34,119],"technology,":[35],"individuals":[36],"organizations":[38],"seeking":[39],"to":[40,57],"create":[41],"speech-driven":[42],"applications":[43],"low-resource":[45,122],"languages":[46],"can":[47],"build":[48,79],"en-abling":[50],"recognition":[52,68,120],"small":[54],"vocabular-ies":[55],"(up":[56],"100":[58],"terms,":[59],"roughly)":[60],"target":[63],"language":[64,75],"using":[65],"existing":[67,85],"en-gine":[69],"designed":[70],"high-resource":[73],"source":[74],"(e.g.":[76],"English).":[77],"To":[78],"such":[80],"lex-icons,":[81],"we":[82],"employ":[83],"method":[86],"cross-language":[88],"phoneme-mapping.":[89],"The":[90],"also":[92],"offers":[93],"built-in":[95],"recorder":[97],"that":[98,114],"facilitates":[99],"data":[100],"collection,":[101],"significantly":[103],"faster":[104],"implementation":[105],"phoneme-mapping":[108],"technique,":[109],"eval-uation":[112],"module":[113],"expedites":[115],"research":[116],"on":[117],"small-vocabulary":[118],"languages.":[123],"1":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-19T21:40:30.786675","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
