{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126129064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-2092","title":"A Hybrid Approach to Skeleton-based Translation","display_name":"A Hybrid Approach to Skeleton-based Translation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126129064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-2092","mag":"2126129064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-2092","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-2092.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-2092.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600701","display_name":"Tong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5842-6501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","northeastern Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"northeastern Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370155","display_name":"Jingbo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6537-7007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","northeastern Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"northeastern Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997180","display_name":"Chunliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4382-2413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","northeastern Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou YaTuo Company, 358 Wener Rd., Hangzhou 310012, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"northeastern Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"563","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.8423424363136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8048372268676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7879481315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.762004554271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7560317516326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeleton","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","score":0.7407276630401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7256640195846558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.644554853439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.6114630699157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","score":0.48223695158958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47924068570137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-system","display_name":"Translation system","score":0.4573911428451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.4546913504600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11024618148803711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.8423424363136292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8048372268676758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7879481315612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.762004554271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7560317516326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18969341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1169129","display_name":"Skeleton (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7407276630401611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7256640195846558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.644554853439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.6114630699157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.48223695158958435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47924068570137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992676002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Translation system","level":3,"score":0.4573911428451538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.4546913504600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11024618148803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-2092","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-2092.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.669.9206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.669.9206","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P14/P14-2092.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-2092","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-2092.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3381430404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61300097","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4879978228","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6811\u7684\u53e5\u6cd5\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6a21\u578b\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61272376","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126129064.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2126129064.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30193166","https://openalex.org/W172892979","https://openalex.org/W1510052640","https://openalex.org/W1517947178","https://openalex.org/W1552023264","https://openalex.org/W2083451366","https://openalex.org/W2100281225","https://openalex.org/W2112900913","https://openalex.org/W2113104171","https://openalex.org/W2114343221","https://openalex.org/W2115289978","https://openalex.org/W2117139364","https://openalex.org/W2118119027","https://openalex.org/W2122609803","https://openalex.org/W2140982523","https://openalex.org/W2143008661","https://openalex.org/W2145882814","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2150378737","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2155521054","https://openalex.org/W2168959697","https://openalex.org/W2538827255","https://openalex.org/W4241645538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W1559710535","https://openalex.org/W2890508380","https://openalex.org/W4285269697","https://openalex.org/W1967842510","https://openalex.org/W2376475438","https://openalex.org/W4226215123","https://openalex.org/W4285304451","https://openalex.org/W4379117174","https://openalex.org/W2112440706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,18],"explicitly":[4],"consider":[5],"sentence":[6,26],"skeleton":[7,29],"information":[8],"for":[9],"Machine":[10],"Translation":[11],"(MT).":[12],"The":[13],"basic":[14],"idea":[15],"is":[16],"that":[17],"translate":[19],"the":[20,24,35,62],"key":[21],"elements":[22],"of":[23],"input":[25],"using":[27,38],"a":[28,39,48],"translation":[30,41],"model,":[31],"and":[32,52,58],"then":[33],"cover":[34],"remain":[36],"segments":[37],"full":[40],"model.":[42],"We":[43],"apply":[44],"our":[45],"approach":[46],"to":[47],"state-of-the-art":[49],"phrase-based":[50],"system":[51],"demonstrate":[53],"very":[54],"promising":[55],"BLEU":[56],"improvements":[57],"TER":[59],"reductions":[60],"on":[61],"NIST":[63],"Chinese-English":[64],"MT":[65],"evaluation":[66],"data.":[67]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
