{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2167665328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1091","title":"Knowledge-Based Question Answering as Machine Translation","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Question Answering as Machine Translation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2167665328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1091","mag":"2167665328"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1091","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-1091.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-1091.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013785156","display_name":"Junwei Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-5130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwei Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042018181","display_name":"Nan Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-4674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701572","display_name":"Ming Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-2964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101661008","display_name":"Tiejun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-4935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["CN","GB","IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiejun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology  Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology \u2021 Microsoft Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.4063,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99236261,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"967","last_page":"976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.757243275642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.731629490852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.6210815906524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5345458388328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5235742330551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5201392769813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.35124480724334717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.757243275642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.731629490852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6210815906524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5345458388328552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5235742330551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5201392769813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35124480724334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1091","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-1091.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.659.5963","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.659.5963","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P14/P14-1091.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1091","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/P14-1091.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333993","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2167665328.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2167665328.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56435837","https://openalex.org/W1496189301","https://openalex.org/W1731062554","https://openalex.org/W1784290353","https://openalex.org/W1893696074","https://openalex.org/W2026191715","https://openalex.org/W2096968458","https://openalex.org/W2097647324","https://openalex.org/W2102258316","https://openalex.org/W2111742432","https://openalex.org/W2119788759","https://openalex.org/W2121465811","https://openalex.org/W2131726681","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2151447942","https://openalex.org/W2161002933","https://openalex.org/W2162526436","https://openalex.org/W2163234897","https://openalex.org/W2163274265","https://openalex.org/W2163561827","https://openalex.org/W2167187514","https://openalex.org/W2227250678","https://openalex.org/W2251673953","https://openalex.org/W2251824305","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W3088871974"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2610387714","https://openalex.org/W1512718085","https://openalex.org/W1484029852","https://openalex.org/W4379525811","https://openalex.org/W1893696074","https://openalex.org/W207304934","https://openalex.org/W2167662847","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W3198474835","https://openalex.org/W1569841287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,117],"typical":[1],"knowledge-based":[2],"question":[3,83,99],"answering":[4],"(KB-QA)":[5],"system":[6,146],"faces":[7],"two":[8,53],"challenges:":[9],"one":[10,56],"is":[11,24,120,129],"to":[12,25,50,62,131,143],"transform":[13],"natural":[14],"language":[15],"questions":[16,61],"into":[17],"their":[18],"meaning":[19],"representations":[20],"(MRs);":[21],"the":[22,72,95],"other":[23],"retrieve":[26],"answers":[27,63,107],"from":[28,108],"knowledge":[29],"bases":[30],"(KBs)":[31],"using":[32,147],"generated":[33],"MRs.":[34],"Unlike":[35],"previous":[36],"methods":[37],"which":[38,86],"treat":[39],"them":[40],"in":[41,55],"a":[42,47,82,109,137,144,148],"cascaded":[43],"manner,":[44],"we":[45],"present":[46],"translation-based":[48],"approach":[49],"solve":[51],"these":[52],"tasks":[54],"unified":[57],"framework.":[58],"We":[59],"translate":[60],"based":[64,97,112,135],"on":[65,98,113,136],"CYK":[66,77],"parsing.":[67],"Answers":[68],"as":[69,92],"translations":[70],"of":[71,139],"span":[73,96],"covered":[74],"by":[75,81],"each":[76],"cell":[78],"are":[79],"obtained":[80],"translation":[84],"method,":[85],"first":[87],"generates":[88],"formal":[89],"triple":[90,114],"queries":[91,115],"MRs":[93],"for":[94],"patterns":[100],"and":[101,104,124],"relation":[102],"expressions,":[103],"then":[105],"retrieves":[106],"given":[110],"KB":[111],"generated.":[116],"linear":[118],"model":[119],"defined":[121],"over":[122],"derivations,":[123],"minimum":[125],"error":[126],"rate":[127],"training":[128],"used":[130],"tune":[132],"feature":[133],"weights":[134],"set":[138],"question-answer":[140],"pairs.":[141],"Compared":[142],"KB-QA":[145],"state-of-the-art":[149],"semantic":[150],"parser,":[151],"our":[152],"method":[153],"achieves":[154],"better":[155],"results.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
