{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2250531756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","title":"Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation","display_name":"Hybrid Simplification using Deep Semantics and Machine Translation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2250531756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","mag":"2250531756"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081801388","display_name":"Shashi Narayan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashi Narayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Language Processing : representations, inference and semantics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing : representations, inference and semantics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087459652","display_name":"Claire Gardent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-6662"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Gardent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Language Processing : representations, inference and semantics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing : representations, inference and semantics","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"435","last_page":"445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8289639949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7791799306869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7709469795227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7068540453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.664977490901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.6582375168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6046777367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5984029769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","score":0.5514909029006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5491644144058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.5355131030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.5332619547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.5302127599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substitution","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","score":0.46481332182884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4227929711341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4177912473678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.41233280301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17596742510795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08746281266212463}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8289639949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7791799306869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7709469795227051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7068540453910828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.664977490901947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.6582375168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6046777367591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5984029769897461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.5514909029006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5491644144058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5355131030082703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.5332619547843933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5302127599716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778220771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1522579","display_name":"Substitution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.46481332182884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4227929711341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4177912473678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.41233280301094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17596742510795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08746281266212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/3ce4ae6a-a257-4e0f-aa35-c6813d96c728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1041","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/3ce4ae6a-a257-4e0f-aa35-c6813d96c728","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/p14-1041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1041","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22627370","https://openalex.org/W1581218697","https://openalex.org/W2025746854","https://openalex.org/W2031196180","https://openalex.org/W2042262613","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2061235289","https://openalex.org/W2081388731","https://openalex.org/W2083245912","https://openalex.org/W2108373063","https://openalex.org/W2109802560","https://openalex.org/W2109881807","https://openalex.org/W2115769265","https://openalex.org/W2116316001","https://openalex.org/W2118119027","https://openalex.org/W2119954850","https://openalex.org/W2124672726","https://openalex.org/W2137095957","https://openalex.org/W2143927888","https://openalex.org/W2156422881","https://openalex.org/W2168652246","https://openalex.org/W2250415286","https://openalex.org/W2251362149","https://openalex.org/W2251561240","https://openalex.org/W2251831371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W1559710535","https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2010336863","https://openalex.org/W2962780935","https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W4378619223","https://openalex.org/W2027317339","https://openalex.org/W2532807140","https://openalex.org/W2384400852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,44,51,54,60,68],"hybrid":[3],"approach":[4,24],"to":[5,16],"sentence":[6,52],"simplification":[7,61],"which":[8],"combines":[9,59],"deep":[10,45],"semantics":[11],"and":[12,65,75,96],"monolingual":[13,69],"machine":[14],"translation":[15,70],"derive":[17],"simple":[18],"sentences":[19],"from":[20,26],"complex":[21],"ones.":[22],"The":[23],"differs":[25],"previous":[27],"work":[28],"in":[29,38],"two":[30],"main":[31],"ways.":[32],"First,":[33],"it":[34,40,58],"is":[35,93],"semantic":[36,46],"based":[37],"that":[39,92],"takes":[41],"as":[42],"input":[43],"representation":[47],"rather":[48],"than":[49],"e.g.,":[50],"or":[53],"parse":[55],"tree.":[56],"Second,":[57],"model":[62,71,87],"for":[63,72],"splitting":[64],"deletion":[66],"with":[67],"phrase":[73],"substitution":[74],"reordering.":[76],"When":[77],"compared":[78],"against":[79],"current":[80],"state":[81],"of":[82],"the":[83],"art":[84],"methods,":[85],"our":[86],"yields":[88],"significantly":[89],"simpler":[90],"output":[91],"both":[94],"grammatical":[95],"meaning":[97],"preserving.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}