{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2250493512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","title":"Learning part-of-speech taggers with inter-annotator agreement loss","display_name":"Learning part-of-speech taggers with inter-annotator agreement loss","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2250493512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","mag":"2250493512"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/e14-1078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088832285","display_name":"Barbara Plank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4394-1965"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Plank","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084505122","display_name":"Dirk Hovy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-3127"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Hovy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018138946","display_name":"Anders S\u00f8gaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-4276"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders S\u00f8gaard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088832285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98109508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"742","last_page":"751"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.9148381352424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.8782970905303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agreement","display_name":"Agreement","score":0.8415632247924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8334260582923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6938056945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5733565092086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5462403893470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5433552861213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/part-of-speech","display_name":"Part of speech","score":0.42299360036849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.13163989782333374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.9148381352424622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8782970905303955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829903","display_name":"Agreement","level":2,"score":0.8415632247924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8334260582923889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6938056945800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5733565092086792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5462403893470764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5433552861213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123406163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82042","display_name":"Part of speech","level":2,"score":0.42299360036849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.13163989782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/e14-1078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.721.6926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.721.6926","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cst.dk/bplank/papers/eacl2014-costsensitive.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/ac7d9186-4f4e-4298-94bb-e10e96b46b49","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/ac7d9186-4f4e-4298-94bb-e10e96b46b49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Plank , B , Hovy , D & S\u00f8gaard , A 2014 , Learning part-of-speech taggers with inter-annotator agreement loss . in Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL) . Association for Computational Linguistics , Gothenburg, Sweden , pp. 742-751 .","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/e14-1078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/e14-1078","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2250493512.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2250493512.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331019419","https://openalex.org/W371426616","https://openalex.org/W1515847863","https://openalex.org/W1594768313","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W2006770362","https://openalex.org/W2008652694","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2091950237","https://openalex.org/W2099032682","https://openalex.org/W2101461018","https://openalex.org/W2105897558","https://openalex.org/W2136126781","https://openalex.org/W2138738738","https://openalex.org/W2142523187","https://openalex.org/W2143995218","https://openalex.org/W2145111356","https://openalex.org/W2146349902","https://openalex.org/W2146849125","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2153848201","https://openalex.org/W2156515921","https://openalex.org/W2157765050","https://openalex.org/W2169438272","https://openalex.org/W2170259985","https://openalex.org/W2250880399","https://openalex.org/W2251406234","https://openalex.org/W2251567709","https://openalex.org/W2251841106","https://openalex.org/W2251885424","https://openalex.org/W2398091550"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384729545","https://openalex.org/W2198395236","https://openalex.org/W2800417007","https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W147604216","https://openalex.org/W2161080928","https://openalex.org/W2251910928","https://openalex.org/W4361282947","https://openalex.org/W2250493512","https://openalex.org/W2250613249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,71],"natural":[1],"language":[2],"processing":[3],"(NLP)":[4],"an-notation":[5],"projects,":[6],"we":[7,74,132],"use":[8,75],"inter-annotator":[9,32,96,140],"agreement":[10,33,97,141],"measures":[11],"and":[12,26,31,89],"annotation":[13,20,40,87,117],"guide-lines":[14],"to":[15,45,85,127,139],"ensure":[16],"consistent":[17],"annotations.":[18],"However,":[19],"guidelines":[21],"often":[22,35],"make":[23],"linguistically":[24],"debatable":[25,49,68],"even":[27,122],"somewhat":[28],"arbitrary":[29],"decisions,":[30],"is":[34],"less":[36],"than":[37,69],"perfect.":[38],"While":[39],"projects":[41,118],"usu-ally":[42],"specify":[43],"how":[44,91],"deal":[46],"with":[47],"linguisti-cally":[48],"phenomena,":[50],"annotator":[51],"dis-agreements":[52],"typically":[53],"still":[54],"stem":[55],"from":[56],"these":[57,111],"\u201chard":[58],"\u201d":[59],"cases.":[60],"This":[61],"indicates":[62],"that":[63,110,134],"some":[64],"er-rors":[65],"are":[66],"more":[67,120],"others.":[70],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"small":[76],"samples":[77],"of":[78,94,105,148],"doubly-annotated":[79],"part-of-speech":[80],"(POS)":[81],"data":[82,124],"for":[83],"Twitter":[84],"estimate":[86],"reliability":[88],"show":[90,133],"those":[92],"metrics":[93],"likely":[95],"can":[98],"be":[99],"implemented":[100],"in":[101],"the":[102,128,145],"loss":[103],"functions":[104],"POS":[106,135],"taggers.":[107],"We":[108],"find":[109],"cost-sensitive":[112],"algorithms":[113],"perform":[114,142],"better":[115,143],"across":[116],"and,":[119],"surprisingly,":[121],"on":[123,144],"an-notated":[125],"according":[126],"same":[129],"guidelines.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"tagging":[136],"mod-els":[137],"sensitive":[138],"downstream":[146],"task":[147],"chunking.":[149],"1":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}