{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170167574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1030","title":"Aligning context-based statistical models of language with brain activity during reading","display_name":"Aligning context-based statistical models of language with brain activity during reading","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170167574","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1030","mag":"2170167574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1030","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D14-1030.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D14-1030.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014896739","display_name":"Leila Wehbe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8545-2062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Wehbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for the Neural Basis of Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for the Neural Basis of Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103024730","display_name":"Ashish Vaswani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7794-2085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashish Vaswani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106821597","display_name":"Kevin Knight","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-1718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102921433","display_name":"Tom M. Mitchell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-0301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for the Neural Basis of Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for the Neural Basis of Computation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"233","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.738357424736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6611757278442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoencephalography","display_name":"Magnetoencephalography","score":0.6608034372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6512049436569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5992380380630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5656659603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5423229336738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5353959202766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5227732062339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5073511004447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4713537096977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4533504843711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-model","display_name":"Context model","score":0.4123293161392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17301824688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.1473066806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14119985699653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.12131643295288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.10160103440284729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.738357424736023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6611757278442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556910895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384188","display_name":"Magnetoencephalography","level":3,"score":0.6608034372329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6512049436569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5992380380630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5656659603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5423229336738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5353959202766418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5227732062339783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5073511004447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4713537096977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4533504843711853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.4123293161392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17301824688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.1473066806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14119985699653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.12131643295288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.10160103440284729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1030","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D14-1030.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.655.3581","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.655.3581","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D/D14/D14-1030.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.674.7784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.674.7784","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://emnlp2014.org/papers/pdf/EMNLP2014030.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/d14-1030","pdf_url":"https://aclanthology.org/D14-1030.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2170167574.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2170167574.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W932413789","https://openalex.org/W1533179050","https://openalex.org/W1596515083","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1967125431","https://openalex.org/W1980592753","https://openalex.org/W1987951491","https://openalex.org/W1990381576","https://openalex.org/W1992570774","https://openalex.org/W2048631316","https://openalex.org/W2060366056","https://openalex.org/W2107344926","https://openalex.org/W2153705299","https://openalex.org/W2161632259","https://openalex.org/W2166362343","https://openalex.org/W2409599279","https://openalex.org/W2474824677","https://openalex.org/W2740295777","https://openalex.org/W2949950585","https://openalex.org/W3031967244","https://openalex.org/W4205470728","https://openalex.org/W4403257984"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288407670","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W4230884544","https://openalex.org/W4245453790","https://openalex.org/W3194985222","https://openalex.org/W3216571906","https://openalex.org/W4214830338","https://openalex.org/W4287599800","https://openalex.org/W4385432812","https://openalex.org/W3099354896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"statistical":[1],"models":[2],"for":[3,41],"natural":[4],"language":[5],"processing":[6],"exist,":[7],"including":[8],"context-based":[9],"neural":[10,114,150,163,183],"networks":[11,115,151,164],"that":[12,56,97,178],"(1)":[13],"model":[14],"the":[15,29,45,48,59,67,89,104,113,117,126,145,149,155,158,182,186,189,195,204],"previously":[16],"seen":[17],"context":[18,30,65,91,121],"as":[19],"a":[20,64,75,93,110,175],"latent":[21,159],"feature":[22],"vector,":[23],"(2)":[24],"integrate":[25],"successive":[26,68],"words":[27,43,69,128],"into":[28],"using":[31],"some":[32],"learned":[33],"representation":[34],"(embedding),":[35],"and":[36,70,84,116,123,130,132,136,148,165,193],"(3)":[37],"compute":[38],"output":[39],"probabilities":[40],"incoming":[42,127],"given":[44],"context.":[46],"On":[47],"other":[49],"hand,":[50],"brain":[51,60,118,146,166,207],"imaging":[52],"studies":[53],"have":[54],"suggested":[55],"during":[57],"reading,":[58,192],"(a)":[61],"continuously":[62],"builds":[63],"from":[66,82],"every":[71],"time":[72],"it":[73,77,87,134],"encounters":[74],"word":[76,105],"(b)":[78],"fetches":[79],"its":[80],"properties":[81],"memory":[83],"(c)":[85],"integrates":[86],"with":[88,92],"previous":[90],"degree":[94],"of":[95,197],"effort":[96],"is":[98],"inversely":[99],"proportional":[100],"to":[101,109,142,185,202],"how":[102],"probable":[103],"is.":[106],"This":[107],"hints":[108],"parallelism":[111,141],"between":[112,157],"in":[119],"modeling":[120],"(1":[122],"a),":[124],"representing":[125],"(2":[129],"b)":[131],"integrating":[133],"(3":[135],"c).":[137],"We":[138,153],"explore":[139,194],"this":[140],"better":[143],"understand":[144],"processes":[147],"representations.":[152],"study":[154],"alignment":[156],"vectors":[160],"used":[161],"by":[162],"activity":[167],"observed":[168,205],"via":[169],"Magnetoencephalography":[170],"(MEG)":[171],"when":[172],"subjects":[173,190],"read":[174],"story.":[176],"For":[177],"purpose":[179],"we":[180],"apply":[181],"network":[184],"same":[187],"text":[188],"are":[191],"ability":[196],"these":[198],"three":[199],"vector":[200],"representations":[201],"predict":[203],"word-by-word":[206],"activity.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}