{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2107895803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220298","title":"Empirical lower bounds on the complexity of translational equivalence","display_name":"Empirical lower bounds on the complexity of translational equivalence","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2107895803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220298","mag":"2107895803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1220175.1220298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220298","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1220175.1220298","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL  - ACL '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1220175.1220298","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037589030","display_name":"Benjamin Wellington","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Wellington","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, NY","New York Univ, New York, NY,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Univ, New York, NY,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068501028","display_name":"Sonjia Waxmonsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonjia Waxmonsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, IL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030467789","display_name":"I. Dan Melamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Dan Melamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, NY","New York Univ, New York, NY,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York Univ, New York, NY,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.4274,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98946978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"977","last_page":"984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.6510448455810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.64922034740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.617817759513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.5836008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5485655665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-order","display_name":"Word order","score":0.5247688293457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transduction","display_name":"Transduction (biophysics)","score":0.4967196583747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4434587359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-and-formal-equivalence","display_name":"Dynamic and formal equivalence","score":0.4369817078113556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.43517613410949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42521852254867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.403425931930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3192347288131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.24266034364700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.20129525661468506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.6510448455810547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.64922034740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.617817759513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5836008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5485655665397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70777604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q257885","display_name":"Word order","level":2,"score":0.5247688293457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15152581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833966","display_name":"Transduction (biophysics)","level":2,"score":0.4967196583747864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4434587359428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98199350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978442","display_name":"Dynamic and formal equivalence","level":3,"score":0.4369817078113556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.43517613410949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42521852254867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.403425931930542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3192347288131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.24266034364700317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.20129525661468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1220175.1220298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220298","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1220175.1220298","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL  - ACL '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.143.4612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.143.4612","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P06/P06-1123.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1220175.1220298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1220175.1220298","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1220175.1220298","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the ACL  - ACL '06","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6874091209","display_name":"Statistical Machine Translation with Richer Knowledge Representation","funder_award_id":"0415933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8570011208","display_name":"CARRER:     Empirical Methods for Machine Translation","funder_award_id":"0238406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2107895803.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2107895803.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512696305","https://openalex.org/W1551202288","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1741471566","https://openalex.org/W1964388487","https://openalex.org/W2024060665","https://openalex.org/W2052126954","https://openalex.org/W2071606701","https://openalex.org/W2084187640","https://openalex.org/W2107130271","https://openalex.org/W2116316001","https://openalex.org/W2117745860","https://openalex.org/W2137076533","https://openalex.org/W2141532438","https://openalex.org/W2152263452","https://openalex.org/W2153653739","https://openalex.org/W2155290495","https://openalex.org/W2158388102","https://openalex.org/W2159705183","https://openalex.org/W2160382364","https://openalex.org/W2165199647","https://openalex.org/W2167302977","https://openalex.org/W2963010813","https://openalex.org/W4241645538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890433954","https://openalex.org/W2053366384","https://openalex.org/W2369434682","https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W4246428841","https://openalex.org/W1981686597","https://openalex.org/W2966233672","https://openalex.org/W3023954113","https://openalex.org/W4386954442","https://openalex.org/W2018123871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,63],"describes":[2],"a":[3,13],"study":[4,18],"of":[5,8,15,23],"the":[6,21,34],"patterns":[7,25],"translational":[9,74],"equivalence":[10,75],"exhibited":[11],"by":[12],"variety":[14],"bitexts.":[16],"The":[17,62],"found":[19],"that":[20,67],"complexity":[22],"these":[24],"in":[26,33,78,83],"every":[27],"bitext":[28],"was":[29],"higher":[30],"than":[31],"suggested":[32],"literature.":[35],"These":[36],"findings":[37],"shed":[38],"new":[39],"light":[40],"on":[41],"why":[42],"\"syntactic\"":[43],"constraints":[44],"have":[45],"not":[46],"helped":[47],"to":[48],"improve":[49],"statistical":[50],"translation":[51],"models,":[52,56,58],"including":[53],"finite-state":[54],"phrase-based":[55],"tree-to-string":[57],"and":[59],"tree-to-tree":[60],"models.":[61],"also":[64],"presents":[65],"evidence":[66],"inversion":[68],"transduction":[69],"grammars":[70],"cannot":[71],"generate":[72],"some":[73],"relations,":[76],"even":[77],"relatively":[79],"simple":[80],"real":[81],"bitexts":[82],"syntactically":[84],"similar":[85],"languages":[86],"with":[87],"rigid":[88],"word":[89],"order.":[90],"Instructions":[91],"for":[92],"replicating":[93],"our":[94],"experiments":[95],"are":[96],"at":[97],"http://nip.cs.nyu.edu/GenPar/ACL06":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}