{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137807925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1219840.1219884","title":"Contrastive estimation","display_name":"Contrastive estimation","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137807925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1219840.1219884","mag":"2137807925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1219840.1219884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1219840.1219884","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1219840.1219884","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1219840.1219884","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088517824","display_name":"Noah A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-6380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noah A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052467896","display_name":"Jason Eisner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Eisner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088517824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.6557,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":320,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99339014,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"354","last_page":"362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crfs","display_name":"CRFS","score":0.8861038088798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.8148057460784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7911984920501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.6337243914604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6229305267333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6027817726135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5825135111808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5345124006271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.512670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.45400097966194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44072195887565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42763689160346985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775953691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013874","display_name":"CRFS","level":3,"score":0.8861038088798523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.8148057460784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7911984920501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.6337243914604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6229305267333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6027817726135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5825135111808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5345124006271362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.512670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.45400097966194153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44072195887565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42763689160346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1219840.1219884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1219840.1219884","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1219840.1219884","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1219840.1219884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1219840.1219884","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1219840.1219884","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '05","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2180736336","display_name":"ITR: Weighted Dynamic Programming for Statistical Natural Language Processing","funder_award_id":"0313193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2137807925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2137807925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8949146","https://openalex.org/W23846527","https://openalex.org/W145849181","https://openalex.org/W1543028224","https://openalex.org/W1590952807","https://openalex.org/W1734853756","https://openalex.org/W1966307998","https://openalex.org/W1986372192","https://openalex.org/W1994851566","https://openalex.org/W2010194128","https://openalex.org/W2012012028","https://openalex.org/W2033565080","https://openalex.org/W2051434435","https://openalex.org/W2063541597","https://openalex.org/W2098379588","https://openalex.org/W2101210369","https://openalex.org/W2104029044","https://openalex.org/W2105738468","https://openalex.org/W2112861996","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2141099517","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2149381250","https://openalex.org/W2154834035","https://openalex.org/W2156515921","https://openalex.org/W2157791002","https://openalex.org/W2162016438","https://openalex.org/W2164469736","https://openalex.org/W2170469979","https://openalex.org/W2793249556","https://openalex.org/W3004533406","https://openalex.org/W3021452258","https://openalex.org/W3129711340","https://openalex.org/W4206462942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962906565","https://openalex.org/W2798423868","https://openalex.org/W3015678144","https://openalex.org/W2076440176","https://openalex.org/W2055466819","https://openalex.org/W2140585957","https://openalex.org/W2054134081","https://openalex.org/W1675450783","https://openalex.org/W2061027419","https://openalex.org/W189110383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conditional":[0],"random":[1],"fields":[2],"(Lafferty":[3],"et":[4],"al.,":[5],"2001)":[6],"are":[7,29],"quite":[8],"effective":[9],"at":[10],"sequence":[11,84],"labeling":[12,85],"tasks":[13],"like":[14],"shallow":[15],"parsing":[16],"(Sha":[17],"and":[18,21,25,77,92,111],"Pereira,":[19],"2003)":[20],"named-entity":[22],"extraction":[23],"(McCallum":[24],"Li,":[26],"2003).":[27],"CRFs":[28],"log-linear,":[30],"allowing":[31],"the":[32,38,65,99,109],"incorporation":[33],"of":[34,108],"arbitrary":[35],"features":[36],"into":[37],"model.":[39],"To":[40],"train":[41],"on":[42],"unlabeled":[43,93],"data,":[44],"we":[45],"require":[46],"unsupervised":[47],"estimation":[48,95],"methods":[49],"for":[50],"log-linear":[51],"models;":[52],"few":[53],"exist.":[54],"We":[55,62],"describe":[56],"a":[57,83,89],"novel":[58],"approach,":[59],"contrastive":[60],"estimation.":[61],"show":[63],"that":[64],"new":[66],"technique":[67],"can":[68,112],"be":[69],"intuitively":[70],"understood":[71],"as":[72],"exploiting":[73],"implicit":[74],"negative":[75],"evidence":[76],"is":[78,103],"computationally":[79],"efficient.":[80],"Applied":[81],"to":[82,106],"problem---POS":[86],"tagging":[87,90],"given":[88],"dictionary":[91],"text---contrastive":[94],"outperforms":[96],"EM":[97],"(with":[98],"same":[100],"feature":[101],"set),":[102],"more":[104],"robust":[105],"degradations":[107],"dictionary,":[110],"largely":[113],"recover":[114],"by":[115],"modeling":[116],"additional":[117],"features.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
