{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061556378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118984.1118988","title":"Exploiting paraphrases in a Question Answering system","display_name":"Exploiting paraphrases in a Question Answering system","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061556378","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118984.1118988","mag":"2061556378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118984.1118988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118984.1118988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118984.1118988","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118984.1118988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025307528","display_name":"Fabio Rinaldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5718-5462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Rinaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053575923","display_name":"James Dowdall","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Dowdall","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003696284","display_name":"Kaarel Kaljurand","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaarel Kaljurand","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112773671","display_name":"Michael He\u00df","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hess","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[University of Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077295057","display_name":"Diego Moll\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-0963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Moll\u00e1","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Sydney NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.814521074295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.814480185508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.7711148262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6671789884567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5990729331970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5822776556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.579595148563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5323781371116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.44555261731147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4254714250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14338341355323792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14255493879318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.0694933831691742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.814521074295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.814480185508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.7711148262023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6671789884567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5990729331970215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5822776556015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.579595148563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5323781371116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.44555261731147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4254714250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14338341355323792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14255493879318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0694933831691742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118984.1118988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118984.1118988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118984.1118988","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:19104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.2.2428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.2428","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://nlp.nagaokaut.ac.jp/IWP2003/pdf/rinaldi_25-32.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.230.1647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.230.1647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2003/iwp/pdfs/Rinaldi.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-19104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-19104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118984.1118988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118984.1118988","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118984.1118988","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the second international workshop on Paraphrasing -","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2061556378.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2061556378.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44223375","https://openalex.org/W56300499","https://openalex.org/W141190255","https://openalex.org/W183396343","https://openalex.org/W1511749302","https://openalex.org/W1572597902","https://openalex.org/W1606527432","https://openalex.org/W1661711457","https://openalex.org/W2008736999","https://openalex.org/W2038721957","https://openalex.org/W2044672862","https://openalex.org/W2076002267","https://openalex.org/W2120935561","https://openalex.org/W2123796147","https://openalex.org/W2127071136","https://openalex.org/W2164871517","https://openalex.org/W2197980090","https://openalex.org/W2365695775","https://openalex.org/W2506329612","https://openalex.org/W2582823374","https://openalex.org/W3089319657","https://openalex.org/W3137523908","https://openalex.org/W4231253569","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350593162","https://openalex.org/W2390350206","https://openalex.org/W1969477129","https://openalex.org/W2921208823","https://openalex.org/W2353483812","https://openalex.org/W2131808775","https://openalex.org/W2130038259","https://openalex.org/W2360756181","https://openalex.org/W2374093222","https://openalex.org/W2359533638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,31,59],"Question":[3],"Answering":[4],"system":[5,29],"for":[6],"technical":[7,53],"domains":[8],"which":[9],"makes":[10],"an":[11],"intelligent":[12],"use":[13],"of":[14,20,37,52],"paraphrases":[15,43,51],"to":[16,24,44],"increase":[17],"the":[18,22,25,45],"likelihood":[19],"finding":[21],"answer":[23],"user's":[26],"question.":[27],"The":[28],"implements":[30],"simple":[32],"and":[33,39],"efficient":[34],"logic":[35],"representation":[36],"questions":[38],"answers":[40],"that":[41,62],"maps":[42],"same":[46],"underlying":[47],"semantic":[48],"representation.":[49],"Further,":[50],"terminology":[54],"are":[55],"dealt":[56],"with":[57],"by":[58],"separate":[60],"process":[61],"detects":[63],"surface":[64],"variants.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
