{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2104029044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118693.1118695","title":"Conditional structure versus conditional estimation in NLP models","display_name":"Conditional structure versus conditional estimation in NLP models","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2104029044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118693.1118695","mag":"2104029044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118693.1118695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118693.1118695","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118693.1118695","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - EMNLP '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118693.1118695","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004921249","display_name":"Dan Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA","Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006076","display_name":"Christopher D. Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA","Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.58,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98134033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-independence","display_name":"Conditional independence","score":0.7845826745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-entropy-markov-model","display_name":"Maximum-entropy Markov model","score":0.724575936794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6998950242996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6408355832099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-entropy","display_name":"Conditional entropy","score":0.6118252873420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principle-of-maximum-entropy","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","score":0.5779578685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.574310839176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5512896776199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4947625994682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.476737380027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.4417590796947479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.38111382722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.37345176935195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34850960969924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23694342374801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-order-markov-model","display_name":"Variable-order Markov model","score":0.19504249095916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.136575847864151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79772020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159264","display_name":"Conditional independence","level":2,"score":0.7845826745033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196956702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795829","display_name":"Maximum-entropy Markov model","level":5,"score":0.724575936794281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6998950242996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6408355832099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101721835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813908","display_name":"Conditional entropy","level":3,"score":0.6118252873420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.5779578685760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.574310839176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5512896776199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4947625994682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.476737380027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4417590796947479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.38111382722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.37345176935195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34850960969924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23694342374801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54907487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915688","display_name":"Variable-order Markov model","level":4,"score":0.19504249095916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.136575847864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118693.1118695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118693.1118695","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118693.1118695","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - EMNLP '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.15.7154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.15.7154","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/~manning/papers/objective-functions.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.322.428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.322.428","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/533/1/2002-17.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.6.1557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.6.1557","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W02/W02-1002.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1118693.1118695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1118693.1118695","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1118693.1118695","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing - EMNLP '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2104029044.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2104029044.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534261948","https://openalex.org/W1550206324","https://openalex.org/W1555805532","https://openalex.org/W1592796124","https://openalex.org/W1840338487","https://openalex.org/W1977182536","https://openalex.org/W2002374079","https://openalex.org/W2003458432","https://openalex.org/W2096175520","https://openalex.org/W2135843243","https://openalex.org/W2138745909","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2155280192","https://openalex.org/W2158873310","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2163614729","https://openalex.org/W2164732909","https://openalex.org/W2170120409","https://openalex.org/W2170469979","https://openalex.org/W2760048271","https://openalex.org/W2798766386","https://openalex.org/W2950121111","https://openalex.org/W4236554388","https://openalex.org/W4242766606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945850644","https://openalex.org/W2161328464","https://openalex.org/W2382132287","https://openalex.org/W3112089722","https://openalex.org/W1662534456","https://openalex.org/W1896570304","https://openalex.org/W2145913509","https://openalex.org/W2104029044","https://openalex.org/W202303397","https://openalex.org/W415812316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,79],"separates":[2],"conditional":[3,17,23,70],"parameter":[4],"estimation,":[5],"which":[6,30,64],"consistently":[7],"raises":[8],"test":[9],"set":[10],"accuracy":[11],"on":[12,37],"statistical":[13],"NLP":[14],"tasks,":[15],"from":[16,55,60,93],"model":[18,25,51,71],"structures,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"the":[22,42,48,65,69],"Markov":[24],"used":[26],"for":[27],"maximum-entropy":[28],"tagging,":[29],"tend":[31],"to":[32,75],"lower":[33],"accuracy.":[34],"Error":[35],"analysis":[36],"part-of-speech":[38],"tagging":[39,44,86],"shows":[40],"that":[41],"actual":[43],"errors":[45],"made":[46],"by":[47],"conditionally":[49],"structured":[50],"derive":[52],"not":[53],"only":[54],"label":[56],"bias,":[57],"but":[58],"also":[59],"other":[61,94],"ways":[62],"in":[63],"independence":[66],"assumptions":[67],"of":[68],"structure":[72],"are":[73],"unsuited":[74],"linguistic":[76],"sequences.":[77],"The":[78],"presents":[80],"new":[81],"word-sense":[82],"disambiguation":[83],"and":[84,88],"POS":[85],"experiments,":[87],"integrates":[89],"apparently":[90],"conflicting":[91],"reports":[92],"recent":[95],"work.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}