{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143199752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075218.1075262","title":"Difficulty indices for the named entity task in Japanese","display_name":"Difficulty indices for the named entity task in Japanese","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143199752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075218.1075262","mag":"2143199752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075218.1075262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075218.1075262","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1075262&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '00","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1075262&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076532065","display_name":"Chikashi Nobata","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chikashi Nobata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Research Laboratory, Iwaoka, Japan#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Laboratory, Iwaoka, Japan#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112502341","display_name":"Satoshi Sekine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112883","display_name":"Sanford Broadway Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6wm085","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305840828","https://openalex.org/I4210112883"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Sekine","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Broadway, New York, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Broadway, New York, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112883","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112241147","display_name":"Jun\u2019ichi Tsujii","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun'ichi Tsujii","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"344","last_page":"351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.8499923348426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7524198293685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6568255424499512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6024593114852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5184047222137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.4767818748950958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4387412965297699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38230425119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2609478533267975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17010655999183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06645992398262024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.8499923348426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7524198293685913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6568255424499512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6024593114852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5184047222137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4767818748950958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4387412965297699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38230425119400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2609478533267975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17010655999183655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06645992398262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075218.1075262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075218.1075262","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1075262&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '00","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.20.698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.20.698","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P00/P00-1044.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/edf745ee-6d76-498a-af78-a1b4e49cac7d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/edf745ee-6d76-498a-af78-a1b4e49cac7d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nobata, C, Sekine, S & Tsujii, A J 2000, Difficulty Indices for the Named Entity Task in Japanese. in the 38th Annual Meeting of Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL-2000).","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075218.1075262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075218.1075262","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1075262&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '00","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2143199752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2143199752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982772709","https://openalex.org/W2785461734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4255837520","https://openalex.org/W2387011115","https://openalex.org/W4234808182","https://openalex.org/W2382043075","https://openalex.org/W2809151339","https://openalex.org/W2360673138","https://openalex.org/W2809370583","https://openalex.org/W2333722679","https://openalex.org/W4255628145","https://openalex.org/W2093320919"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,65],"propose":[1],"indices":[2,27,55,75],"to":[3,30,44,85],"measure":[4],"the":[5,8,24,32,54,59,68,74],"difficulty":[6,33],"of":[7,34,53],"named":[9],"entity":[10],"(NE)":[11],"task":[12,36],"by":[13],"looking":[14],"at":[15],"test":[16],"corpora,":[17],"based":[18],"on":[19],"expressions":[20],"inside":[21],"and":[22,43,76],"outside":[23],"NEs.":[25,87],"These":[26],"are":[28,56],"intended":[29],"estimate":[31],"each":[35],"without":[37],"actually":[38],"using":[39],"an":[40],"NE":[41,71],"system":[42],"be":[45],"unbiased":[46],"towards":[47],"a":[48],"specific":[49],"system.":[50],"The":[51],"values":[52],"compared":[57],"with":[58,73],"systems'":[60],"performance":[61],"in":[62],"Japanese":[63],"documents.":[64],"also":[66],"discuss":[67],"difference":[69],"between":[70],"classes":[72],"show":[77],"useful":[78],"clues":[79],"which":[80],"will":[81],"make":[82],"it":[83],"easier":[84],"recognize":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}