{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2132145786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075124","title":"Closing the gap","display_name":"Closing the gap","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2132145786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075124","mag":"2132145786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075124","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075124","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075124","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017326180","display_name":"Hai Leong Chieu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28490864","display_name":"DSO National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/03e05fb06","country_code":"SG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hai Leong Chieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DSO National Laboratories, Singapore","DSO National Laboratories; Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSO National Laboratories, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSO National Laboratories; Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110081955","display_name":"Hwee Tou Ng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwee Tou Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore","Nat. Univ. of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nat. Univ. of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069562499","display_name":"Yoong Keok Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28490864","display_name":"DSO National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/03e05fb06","country_code":"SG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoong Keok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["DSO National Laboratories, Singapore","DSO National Laboratories; Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSO National Laboratories, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DSO National Laboratories; Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017326180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28490864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1986,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9747593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"216","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closing","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","score":0.8606979846954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8192686438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7537368535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6953909993171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.6188663244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5772219300270081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45464879274368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42115142941474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.37318557500839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11062741279602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09531861543655396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.8606979846954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192686438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7537368535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6953909993171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.6188663244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5772219300270081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45464879274368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42115142941474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.37318557500839233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11062741279602051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09531861543655396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075124","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075124","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075124","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075124","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132145786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2132145786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499578805","https://openalex.org/W1588383342","https://openalex.org/W1994485670","https://openalex.org/W2007291639","https://openalex.org/W2045993505","https://openalex.org/W2064486118","https://openalex.org/W2068210077","https://openalex.org/W2092654472","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2143349571","https://openalex.org/W2155925463","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2158873310","https://openalex.org/W2162340487","https://openalex.org/W2164455818","https://openalex.org/W2166394306","https://openalex.org/W3016210511","https://openalex.org/W3017143921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517007886","https://openalex.org/W2383994331","https://openalex.org/W2116422677","https://openalex.org/W1522019333","https://openalex.org/W3121919567","https://openalex.org/W2076369646","https://openalex.org/W4381248170","https://openalex.org/W3189621521","https://openalex.org/W2173794830","https://openalex.org/W2368651715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,75],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,84],"learning":[6,33,64,85],"approach":[7,34,86],"to":[8,38,68,80,87],"the":[9,29,39,42,69,77,88,99],"scenario":[10],"template":[11,20],"task":[12,92],"of":[13,41,59,98],"information":[14,17,90],"extraction,":[15],"where":[16],"filling":[18],"one":[19],"could":[21,93],"come":[22],"from":[23],"multiple":[24],"sentences.":[25],"When":[26],"tested":[27],"on":[28],"MUC-4":[30,43],"task,":[31],"our":[32,57,73],"achieves":[35],"accuracy":[36],"competitive":[37],"best":[40],"systems,":[44],"which":[45],"were":[46],"all":[47],"built":[48],"with":[49],"manually":[50],"engineered":[51],"rules.":[52],"Our":[53],"analysis":[54],"reveals":[55],"that":[56,83,97],"use":[58],"full":[60],"parsing":[61],"and":[62],"state-of-the-art":[63],"algorithms":[65],"have":[66,81],"contributed":[67],"good":[70],"performance.":[71],"To":[72],"knowledge,":[74],"is":[76],"first":[78],"research":[79],"demonstrated":[82],"full-scale":[89],"extraction":[91],"achieve":[94],"performance":[95],"rivaling":[96],"knowledge":[100],"engineering":[101],"approach.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
