{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146574666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075117","title":"Minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation","display_name":"Minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146574666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075117","mag":"2146574666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075117","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075117","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046457818","display_name":"Franz Josef Och","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801204180","display_name":"Marina Del Rey Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05wqyfz02","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franz Josef Och","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA","Univ. of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801204180","https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046457818"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I2801204180"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":74.5376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2769,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99957669,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"160","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7933233976364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7433827519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.7340517044067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.6749029159545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.6359707713127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.6114442944526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.604631245136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.584645688533783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5381762385368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4216732382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-analysis","display_name":"Error analysis","score":0.4147481322288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.28942424058914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13193154335021973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7933233976364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7433827519416809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.7340517044067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.6749029159545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.6359707713127136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.6114442944526672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.604631245136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.584645688533783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5381762385368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4216732382774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018824978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2894891","display_name":"Error analysis","level":2,"score":0.4147481322288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28942424058914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13193154335021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075117","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.10.2156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.2156","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2003/main/ps/Och.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.10.9128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.10.9128","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P03/P03-1021.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.9.4214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.9.4214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2003/main/pdfs/Och.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1075096.1075117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1075096.1075117","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1075096.1075117","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '03","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2146574666.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2146574666.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121973820","https://openalex.org/W1517947178","https://openalex.org/W1518357715","https://openalex.org/W1529616844","https://openalex.org/W1550534737","https://openalex.org/W1585396714","https://openalex.org/W1603508585","https://openalex.org/W1979102019","https://openalex.org/W2018482254","https://openalex.org/W2068390867","https://openalex.org/W2078861931","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2108984739","https://openalex.org/W2129545859","https://openalex.org/W2154124206","https://openalex.org/W2164732909","https://openalex.org/W2166216763","https://openalex.org/W2170120409","https://openalex.org/W3016210511","https://openalex.org/W3017143921","https://openalex.org/W4251285258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353","https://openalex.org/W2463396630","https://openalex.org/W2972060578","https://openalex.org/W4285877427","https://openalex.org/W783305165","https://openalex.org/W2990352702","https://openalex.org/W2146197305","https://openalex.org/W1529797273","https://openalex.org/W2137901323"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Often,":[0],"the":[1,32,86,98],"training":[2,45,53,70,99],"procedure":[3],"for":[4,68],"statistical":[5],"machine":[6],"translation":[7,34,50],"models":[8],"is":[9,23,26,90],"based":[10],"on":[11,36],"maximum":[12],"likelihood":[13],"or":[14],"related":[15],"criteria.":[16],"A":[17],"general":[18],"problem":[19],"of":[20,57,97],"this":[21,40],"approach":[22],"that":[24,77],"there":[25],"only":[27],"a":[28,65],"loose":[29],"relation":[30],"to":[31],"final":[33,87],"quality":[35],"unseen":[37],"text.":[38],"In":[39],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"analyze":[43],"various":[44],"criteria":[46,54],"which":[47],"directly":[48,92],"optimize":[49],"quality.":[51],"These":[52],"make":[55],"use":[56],"recently":[58],"proposed":[59],"automatic":[60],"evaluation":[61,88],"metrics.":[62],"We":[63,75],"describe":[64],"new":[66],"algorithm":[67],"efficient":[69],"an":[71],"unsmoothed":[72],"error":[73],"count.":[74],"show":[76],"significantly":[78],"better":[79],"results":[80],"can":[81],"often":[82],"be":[83],"obtained":[84],"if":[85],"criterion":[89],"taken":[91],"into":[93],"account":[94],"as":[95],"part":[96],"procedure.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":116},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":133},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":191},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":222},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":247},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":230},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":258}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}