{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2101105183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135","title":"BLEU","display_name":"BLEU","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2101105183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135","mag":"2101105183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1073083.1073135","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1073083.1073135","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078910140","display_name":"Kishore Papineni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kishore Papineni","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043396055","display_name":"Salim Roukos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2140-4349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salim Roukos","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039037597","display_name":"Todd J. Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-9919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111884032","display_name":"Wei-Jing Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Jing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM -- T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078910140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":127.6678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99989076,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"311","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8184647560119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.7458117008209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bleu","display_name":"BLEU","score":0.5622755289077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5593762993812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.49152955412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4460664987564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013machine-system","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","score":0.43317437171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4043903052806854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8184647560119629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7458117008209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C622187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500773","display_name":"BLEU","level":3,"score":0.5622755289077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5593762993812561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.49152955412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4460664987564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146047270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469666","display_name":"Human\u2013machine system","level":2,"score":0.43317437171936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4043903052806854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1073083.1073135","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1073083.1073135","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.3115/1073083.1073135","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics  - ACL '02","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2101105183.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2101105183.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001810881","https://openalex.org/W2732923061","https://openalex.org/W3037252522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099607809","https://openalex.org/W2518299649","https://openalex.org/W2395641992","https://openalex.org/W2807475932","https://openalex.org/W3021126373","https://openalex.org/W1915251500","https://openalex.org/W4280571180","https://openalex.org/W3066373881","https://openalex.org/W2903057408","https://openalex.org/W2426188458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0,9],"evaluations":[1,10],"of":[2,29],"machine":[3,31],"translation":[4,32],"are":[5],"extensive":[6],"but":[7],"expensive.":[8],"can":[11,21],"take":[12],"months":[13],"to":[14,62],"finish":[15],"and":[16,38,46],"involve":[17],"human":[18,44,64],"labor":[19],"that":[20,34,40,47],"not":[22],"be":[23],"reused.":[24],"We":[25,54],"propose":[26],"a":[27],"method":[28,57],"automatic":[30],"evaluation":[33],"is":[35,72],"quick,":[36],"inexpensive,":[37],"language-independent,":[39],"correlates":[41],"highly":[42],"with":[43],"evaluation,":[45],"has":[48],"little":[49],"marginal":[50],"cost":[51],"per":[52],"run.":[53],"present":[55],"this":[56],"as":[58],"an":[59],"automated":[60],"understudy":[61],"skilled":[63],"judges":[65],"which":[66],"substitutes":[67],"for":[68,74],"them":[69],"when":[70],"there":[71],"need":[73],"quick":[75],"or":[76],"frequent":[77],"evaluations.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":369},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2181},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1584},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1799},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1329},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2495},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2260},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1833},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1241},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":810},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":667},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":545},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":545},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":501},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":523}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
